On development of ecotourism in Indonesia.
On development of ecotourism in Indonesia.
This examination of lobbying communities explores how interest group populations are constructed and how they influence politics and public policy. By examining how populations of interest groups are comprised, this work fills an important gap between existing theories of the origins of individual interest groups and studies of interest group influence. The population ecology model of interest communities developed here builds on insights first developed in population biology and later employed by organizational ecologists. The model's central premise is that it is the environmental forces confronting interest organizations that most directly shape the contours of interest populations. After examining the demography of interest organizations in the fifty American states, the population ecology model is used to account for variations in the density and diversity of their interest communities, the nature of competition among similar interest organizations to establish viable niches, and the impact of alternative configurations of interest communities on the legislative process and the policies it produces. These empirical findings suggest that the environment of interest communities is highly constraining, limiting their size, composition, and potential impact on politics. Virginia Gray is Professor of Political Science, University of Minnesota. David Lowery is Burton Craige Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
For the most part, however, this literature has been descriptive, with scholars
contending over whether balkanization provides an accurate description of
interest organization communities. Given the importance accorded to how we
answer this question, it is surprising that much less attention has been devoted to
explaining why and under what conditions balkanization can be sustained. The
best explanation we have is niche theory. J. Q. Wilson (1973, 263), although not
employing the ...
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Tersedia di Pustaka Kubang Putih - UIN Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi
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Reconstruction was a time of idealism and sweeping change, as the victorious Union created citizenship rights for the freed slaves and granted the vote to black men. Sixteen black Southerners, elected to the U.S. Congress, arrived in Washington to advocate reforms such as public education, equal rights, land distribution, and the suppression of the Ku Klux Klan. But these men faced astounding odds. They were belittled as corrupt and inadequate by their white political opponents, who used legislative trickery, libel, bribery, and the brutal intimidation of their constituents to rob them of their base of support. Despite their status as congressmen, they were made to endure the worst humiliations of racial prejudice. And they have been largely forgotten—often neglected or maligned by standard histories of the period. In this beautifully written book, Philip Dray reclaims their story. Drawing on archival documents, contemporary news accounts, and congressional records, he shows how the efforts of black Americans revealed their political perceptiveness and readiness to serve as voters, citizens, and elected officials. We meet men like the war hero Robert Smalls of South Carolina (who had stolen a Confederate vessel and delivered it to the Union navy), Robert Brown Elliott (who bested the former vice president of the Confederacy in a stormy debate on the House floor), and the distinguished former slave Blanche K. Bruce (who was said to possess “the manners of a Chesterfield”). As Dray demonstrates, these men were eloquent, creative, and often effective representatives who, as support for Reconstruction faded, were undone by the forces of Southern reaction and Northern indifference. In a grand narrative that traces the promising yet tragic arc of Reconstruction, Dray follows these black representatives’ struggles, from the Emancipation Proclamation to the onset of Jim Crow, as they fought for social justice and helped realize the promise of a new nation.
Dunn slipped into unconsciousness, and Packard was summoned. Seeing his
friend's desperate situation, he called in another physician, Dr. Scott, who
declared that Dunn was suffering from congestion of the brain and lungs brought
about by excessive vomiting. Other leading physicians of New Orleans arrived,
including Dr. Warren Stone, a local medical pioneer, and Dr. Louis Roudanez, a
Paris- educated Creole physician, but they ventured no new diagnosis and ex-
pressed ...
A collection of 130 contributions covering a wide range of topics of interest to historical, theoretical and applied linguists alike. A major theme of this text is the development of English which is examined on several levels in the light of recent linguistic theory. The geographical dimension is also treated extensively, with papers on controversial aspects of variety studies, as are topical linguistic matters from a more general perspective.
A major theme of this text is the development of English which is examined on several levels in the light of recent linguistic theory.
