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Parsing the Turing Test

Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer

An exhaustive work that represents a landmark exploration of both the philosophical and methodological issues surrounding the search for true artificial intelligence. Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate weighty issues such as whether a self-conscious computer would create an internet ‘world mind’. This hugely important volume explores nothing less than the future of the human race itself.

Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate these weighty issues – and, in effect, the future of the human race – in this important volume. Foreword by Daniel C. Dennett.

Trends in Parsing Technology

Dependency Parsing, Domain Adaptation, and Deep Parsing

Computer parsing technology, which breaks down complex linguistic structures into their constituent parts, is a key research area in the automatic processing of human language. This volume is a collection of contributions from leading researchers in the field of natural language processing technology, each of whom detail their recent work which includes new techniques as well as results. The book presents an overview of the state of the art in current research into parsing technologies, focusing on three important themes: dependency parsing, domain adaptation, and deep parsing. The technology, which has a variety of practical uses, is especially concerned with the methods, tools and software that can be used to parse automatically. Applications include extracting information from free text or speech, question answering, speech recognition and comprehension, recommender systems, machine translation, and automatic summarization. New developments in the area of parsing technology are thus widely applicable, and researchers and professionals from a number of fields will find the material here required reading. As well as the other four volumes on parsing technology in this series this book has a breadth of coverage that makes it suitable both as an overview of the field for graduate students, and as a reference for established researchers in computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, computer science, language engineering, information science, and cognitive science. It will also be of interest to designers, developers, and advanced users of natural language processing systems, including applications such as spoken dialogue, text mining, multimodal human-computer interaction, and semantic web technology.

This volume is a collection of contributions from leading researchers in the field of natural language processing technology, each of whom detail their recent work which includes new techniques as well as results.

Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars

Given that context-free grammars (CFG) cannot adequately describe natural languages, grammar formalisms beyond CFG that are still computationally tractable are of central interest for computational linguists. This book provides an extensive overview of the formal language landscape between CFG and PTIME, moving from Tree Adjoining Grammars to Multiple Context-Free Grammars and then to Range Concatenation Grammars while explaining available parsing techniques for these formalisms. Although familiarity with the basic notions of parsing and formal languages is helpful when reading this book, it is not a strict requirement. The presentation is supported with many illustrations and examples relating to the different formalisms and algorithms, and chapter summaries, problems and solutions. The book will be useful for students and researchers in computational linguistics and in formal language theory.

This book provides an extensive overview of the formal language landscape between CFG and PTIME, moving from Tree Adjoining Grammars to Multiple Context-Free Grammars and then to Range Concatenation Grammars while explaining available ...

Generalized LR Parsing

The Generalized LR parsing algorithm (some call it "Tomita's algorithm") was originally developed in 1985 as a part of my Ph.D thesis at Carnegie Mellon University. When I was a graduate student at CMU, I tried to build a couple of natural language systems based on existing parsing methods. Their parsing speed, however, always bothered me. I sometimes wondered whether it was ever possible to build a natural language parser that could parse reasonably long sentences in a reasonable time without help from large mainframe machines. At the same time, I was always amazed by the speed of programming language compilers, because they can parse very long sentences (i.e., programs) very quickly even on workstations. There are two reasons. First, programming languages are considerably simpler than natural languages. And secondly, they have very efficient parsing methods, most notably LR. The LR parsing algorithm first precompiles a grammar into an LR parsing table, and at the actual parsing time, it performs shift-reduce parsing guided deterministically by the parsing table. So, the key to the LR efficiency is the grammar precompilation; something that had never been tried for natural languages in 1985. Of course, there was a good reason why LR had never been applied for natural languages; it was simply impossible. If your context-free grammar is sufficiently more complex than programming languages, its LR parsing table will have multiple actions, and deterministic parsing will be no longer possible.

The Generalized LR parsing algorithm (some call it "Tomita's algorithm") was originally developed in 1985 as a part of my Ph.D thesis at Carnegie Mellon University.

Algae Energy

Algae as a New Source of Biodiesel

Algae Energy covers the production of algae culture and the usage of algal biomass conversion products. It also reviews modern biomass-based transportation fuels, including biodiesel, bio-oil, biomethane and biohydrogen. Each chapter opens with fundamental explanations suitable for those with a general interest in algae energy and goes on to provide in-depth scientific details for more expert readers. Algae energy is discussed within the wider context of green energy, with chapters covering topics such as: green energy facilities, algae technology, energy from algae and biodiesel from algae. Algae Energy addresses the needs of energy researchers, chemical engineers, fuel and environmental engineers, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, and others interested in a practical tool for pursuing their interest in bio-energy.

While the main focus lies on energy and power supply, the series also covers green solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design.

Silicon Containing Copolymers

Silicones have unique properties including thermal oxidative stability, low temperature flow, high compressibility, low surface tension, hydrophobicity and electric properties. These special properties have encouraged the exploration of alternative synthetic routes of well defined controlled microstructures of silicone copolymers, the subject of this Springer Brief. The authors explore the synthesis and characterization of notable block copolymers. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization techniques leading to the facile synthesis of well-defined silicon based thermo reversible block copolymers are described along with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), a technique utilized to develop well-defined functional thermo reversible block copolymers. The brief also focuses on Polyrotaxanes and their great potential as stimulus-responsive materials which produce poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) based thermo reversible block copolymers.

Sahar Amiri, Mohammad Ali Semsarzadeh, Sanam Amiri. Chapter. 1. Introduction
. Abstract Recent advancements in controlled radical polymerization techniques
have led to the facile synthesis of the well-defined silicon-based ...

Climate Change Impacts on Plant Biomass Growth

This book offers a methodical explanation of our biomass-driven ecosystem, the undeniable uncertainties posed by the response of vegetation to changes in environmental conditions and the fact that humans everywhere have an interest, even an obligation, to cooperate in a global campaign to combat climate change.

Mohammad Ali ... M. Ali, Climate Change Impacts on Plant Biomass Growth, DOI
10.1007/978-94-007-5370-94, © Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht
2013 29 Table 4.1 Plant and ecosystem responses to CO2 concentration ...

Challenging Cases in Dermatology

The cases presented in this book will guide the reader through the process of making a diagnosis based on logical thinking. The book provides a wealth of knowledge regarding diagnostic approaches and pearls of wisdom. In addition to unusual presentations of common diseases, it includes discussions about rare diseases, complex cases, surprising diagnoses, therapeutic challenges and other important features. Becoming acquainted with such unusual cases will provide the dermatologist with increased knowledge, a wider perspective, and innovative techniques that can be used to solve diagnostic dilemmas. Readers will improve their way of thinking and data analysis, and will be able to improve differential diagnoses. This book provides the unique feature of a strategic way of thinking while discussing each case, in order to reach a diagnosis. The text includes comparisons of each case to other similar cases, pointing out the distinguishing features of conditions under consideration.

Mohammad Ali El-Darouti ... truly hope you delight in this astounding and
abundant journey. Cairo, Egypt Mohammad Ali El-Darouti Contents Part I
Genodermatoses 10 11 12 13 14 15 ix Challenging Cases in Dermatology:
Preface.

Working with Christian Servant Leadership Spiritual Intelligence

The Foundation of Vocational Success

This book addresses how Christian leaders integrate faith into the workplace, through a love-based altruistic system of Christian Servant Leadership Spiritual Intelligence (CSLSI). It hypothesizes how CSLSI positively influences a range of desirable employee attitudes and behaviors including servant leadership and followership, organizational citizenship, and positive stress coping and adaptation strategies. This book embraces an interdisciplinary approach to present the global attributes of CSLSI, which includes following God’s will and Golden Rule workplace love expression, with specific workplace applications. The empirical research is supplemented by approximately 100 interviews with Christian leaders providing workplace exemplars and a compelling overview of how Christians honor God in the marketplace. This book will appeal to academics and practitioners in business, psychology, medicine, management, leadership, and theology looking to develop a God-honoring work life. Readers will benefit from the principles and the self-diagnostic surveys that assess spiritual intelligence and ways to enhance it.

The great methodological challenge is the breadth, depth, and complexity of the
spiritual intelligence construct. The absence of standardized conceptual and
operational definitions of spiritual intelligence is understandable and an
advantage, ...

Liposome Methods and Protocols

In vitro utilization of liposomes holds great potential as a powerful tool for drug targeting, gene transport across plasma and nuclear membranes, and enzyme therapy for patients with genetic disorders. In Liposome Methods and Protocols, a panel of skilled researchers describes in step-by-step detail their best laboratory techniques for elucidating liposome biology and realizing this promise. With these readily reproducible methods, investigators can illuminate such critical questions as the attachment of liposomes to cell surfaces, the permeation of liposomes through the plasma membranes, and the stability of liposomes in cellular and nuclear matrices. Each detailed protocol is presented by an investigator who is intimately familiar with its problems and capabilities, and includes a detailed list of materials to be used, troubleshooting tips straight from the benchtop, and notes on pitfalls to avoid. The emphasis is on clearly presenting the technical steps critical to experimental success that are too often omitted from methods published in the primary literature. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Liposome Methods and Protocols provides an indispensable collection of proven techniques and references for researchers across many fields, including glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosyltransferases, drug transport, viral transport, antibody delivery, synthetic peptide delivery to cells, and protease delivery.

In Liposome Methods and Protocols, a panel of skilled researchers describes in step-by-step detail their best laboratory techniques for elucidating liposome biology and realizing this promise.