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The Neurological Basis of Learning, Development and Discovery

Implications for Science and Mathematics Instruction

A goal of mine ever since becoming an educational researcher has been to help construct a sound theory to guide instructional practice. For far too long, educational practice has suffered because we have lacked firm instructional guidelines, which in my view should be based on sound psychological theory, which in turn should be based on sound neurological theory. In other words, teachers need to know how to teach and that "how-to-teach" should be based solidly on how people learn and how their brains function. As you will see in this book, my answer to the question of how people learn is that we all learn by spontaneously generating and testing ideas. Idea generating involves analogies and testing requires comparing predicted consequences with actual consequences. We learn this way because the brain is essentially an idea generating and testing machine. But there is more to it than this. The very process ofgenerating and testing ideas results not only in the construction of ideas that work (i. e. , the learning of useful declarative knowledge), but also in improved skill in learning (i. e. , the development of improved procedural knowledge).

PREFACE A goal of mine ever since becoming an educational researcher has
been to help construct a sound theory to guide instructional practice. For far too
long, educational practice has suffered because we have lacked firm instructional
 ...

The Early Development of the Neopallial Wall and Area Choroidea in Fetal Rats

A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Original study and a review of the pertinent literature are presented in this monograph on the early development of the neopallial wall and the choroidal area in vertebrates before the appearance of nerve cells. In the pre-neural period the telencephalic wall is a cohesive, non-stratified epithelial sheet of elongated, radially oriented, polarized cells. Although these cells, including the radial glial cells, differ from each other in various regions and change in shape, internal structure and phenotypic expression during development, they have a basic unity. The book draws attention to this unity and discusses the cells' morphogenesis and functions, and the mechanisms which help to shape the early cerebral hemispheres. The pre-neural period is of fundamental importance for the development of the cerebrum. The knowledge presented here of how cells differentiate during the early stages will help neuroscientists by providing a basis for comparisons with cultured cells and explants, and with cells seen in lineage studies and with microscopic observations of living animals in which dynamic events in the CNS can be seen directly. This work will improve our understanding of many developmental abnormalities of the nervous system.

11A) the Golgi apparatus was situated in theperikaryon nearthe inner pole of
thenucleus or extended from there intotheinner process or, less commonly, was
situated beside the nucleus. Ina bipolar columnar cellitwas located inthe inner ...

Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds

Structure and Biochemistry

Microbial cell wall structures play a significant role in maintaining cells’ shape, as protecting layers against harmful agents, in cell adhesion and in positive and negative biological activities with host cells. All prokaryotes, whether they are bacteria or archaea, rely on their surface polymers for these multiple functions. Their surfaces serve as the indispensable primary interfaces between the cell and its surroundings, often mediating or catalyzing important interactions. Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds summarizes the current state of knowledge on the prokaryotic cell wall. Topics concerning bacterial and archaeal polymeric cell wall structures, biological activities, growth and inhibition, cell wall interactions and the applications of cell wall components, especially in the field of nanobiotechnology, are presented.

The ectobiotic micro-organisms are either rod-like bacteria attached by a cell
pole or by a side, or spirochaetes which are always attached by a pole (
Bloodgood and Fitzharris 1976; Bloodgood et al. 1974; Hollande and Carruette-
Valentin ...

Surgery of the Abdominal Wall

The abdominal wall has always been of interest to surgeon-anato mists. It was recognized as a barrier, and volumes have been written demonstrating how to breach this wall. Similarly, great importance has been placed on the methods of repairing the abdominal wall, whether that repair is necessitated by a primary operative wound, a congenital failure, an acquired defect, or the ubiquitous iatrogenic problem, the postoperative abdominal wall hernia. French surgeons have a long tradition of excellence in the field of human anatomy: the names of Pare, Bichat, Cloquet, and Fru chaud readily come to mind. It is not surprising then, that this com prehensive text on the subject of the abdominal wall and its defects emanates from France. Although there are many interesting aspects to this presentation of abdominal wall problems, I find the review of prosthetic material and its use to be most unique. The synthetic meshes available today may well revolutionize our various approaches for repair of hernial defects. Considerable experience has evolved in the use of these prosthetic materials, particularly in the United Kingdom and Eu rope. I have been a proponent of prosthetic mesh for the cure of recurrent groin hernia during the past decade. According to the re sults reported in this book, the use of a prosthetic material in select ed patients needing primary hernia repair seems indicated. I would be remiss if the organization GREPA were not highlighted.

pole of the umbilical ring, thus creating the so-called intervascular fossette. This
ligament runs upward, backward, and to the right within the peritoneal cavity,
where it is invested by the peritoneum, i.e., the falciform ligament of the liver.

The Bacterial Cell Wall

The bacterial cell wall plays an important role in the interaction between bacteria and their environment. Thus, knowledge of the cell wall structure helps us to understand the biological properties. This volume presents a comprehensive description of all main cell wall components of both gram-negative and -positive bacteria (including mycobacteria) and archaea. Surface components outside of the cell wall, i.e. capsules, S-layers, and appendices (flagellae, fimbriae, pili), are discussed and the genetic background of their chemical structures is elucidated. On the basis of the structural background, the biological properties are explained. Methodological topics are also presented and critically discussed.

Models were developed showing that elongation under these conditions can
indeed take place spontaneously as long as the poles are metabolically inert and
rigid and, in addition, of fixed and appropriate radius. The above mentioned ...

Inductive Dependency Parsing

This book describes the framework of inductive dependency parsing, a methodology for robust and efficient syntactic analysis of unrestricted natural language text. Coverage includes a theoretical analysis of central models and algorithms, and an empirical evaluation of memory-based dependency parsing using data from Swedish and English. A one-stop reference to dependency-based parsing of natural language, it will interest researchers and system developers in language technology, and is suitable for graduate or advanced undergraduate courses.

This book describes the framework of inductive dependency parsing, a methodology for robust and efficient syntactic analysis of unrestricted natural language text.

Advances in Probabilistic and Other Parsing Technologies

Parsing technology is concerned with finding syntactic structure in language. In parsing we have to deal with incomplete and not necessarily accurate formal descriptions of natural languages. Robustness and efficiency are among the main issuesin parsing. Corpora can be used to obtain frequency information about language use. This allows probabilistic parsing, an approach that aims at both robustness and efficiency increase. Approximation techniques, to be applied at the level of language description, parsing strategy, and syntactic representation, have the same objective. Approximation at the level of syntactic representation is also known as underspecification, a traditional technique to deal with syntactic ambiguity. In this book new parsing technologies are collected that aim at attacking the problems of robustness and efficiency by exactly these techniques: the design of probabilistic grammars and efficient probabilistic parsing algorithms, approximation techniques applied to grammars and parsers to increase parsing efficiency, and techniques for underspecification and the integration of semantic information in the syntactic analysis to deal with massive ambiguity. The book gives a state-of-the-art overview of current research and development in parsing technologies. In its chapters we see how probabilistic methods have entered the toolbox of computational linguistics in order to be applied in both parsing theory and parsing practice. The book is both a unique reference for researchers and an introduction to the field for interested graduate students.

In this book new parsing technologies are collected that aim at attacking the problems of robustness and efficiency by exactly these techniques: the design of probabilistic grammars and efficient probabilistic parsing algorithms, ...

Parsing the Turing Test

Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer

An exhaustive work that represents a landmark exploration of both the philosophical and methodological issues surrounding the search for true artificial intelligence. Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate weighty issues such as whether a self-conscious computer would create an internet ‘world mind’. This hugely important volume explores nothing less than the future of the human race itself.

Distinguished psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, and programmers from around the world debate these weighty issues – and, in effect, the future of the human race – in this important volume. Foreword by Daniel C. Dennett.

Trends in Parsing Technology

Dependency Parsing, Domain Adaptation, and Deep Parsing

Computer parsing technology, which breaks down complex linguistic structures into their constituent parts, is a key research area in the automatic processing of human language. This volume is a collection of contributions from leading researchers in the field of natural language processing technology, each of whom detail their recent work which includes new techniques as well as results. The book presents an overview of the state of the art in current research into parsing technologies, focusing on three important themes: dependency parsing, domain adaptation, and deep parsing. The technology, which has a variety of practical uses, is especially concerned with the methods, tools and software that can be used to parse automatically. Applications include extracting information from free text or speech, question answering, speech recognition and comprehension, recommender systems, machine translation, and automatic summarization. New developments in the area of parsing technology are thus widely applicable, and researchers and professionals from a number of fields will find the material here required reading. As well as the other four volumes on parsing technology in this series this book has a breadth of coverage that makes it suitable both as an overview of the field for graduate students, and as a reference for established researchers in computational linguistics, artificial intelligence, computer science, language engineering, information science, and cognitive science. It will also be of interest to designers, developers, and advanced users of natural language processing systems, including applications such as spoken dialogue, text mining, multimodal human-computer interaction, and semantic web technology.

This volume is a collection of contributions from leading researchers in the field of natural language processing technology, each of whom detail their recent work which includes new techniques as well as results.