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The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition

A Critical Look at the Critical Period Hypothesis

This book takes a hard look at some of the assumptions that are customarily made concerning the role of age in second language acquisition. The evidence and arguments the contributors present run counter to the notion that an early start in second language learning is of itself either absolutely sufficient or necessary for the attainment of native-like mastery of a second language. Another theme of the book is a doubt that there is a particular stage of maturity beyond which language learning is no longer fully possible. In short, the book presents a challenge to those who take it as given that second language learning is inevitably different in its essential nature from language acquisition in the childhood years and that second language knowledge acquired beyond the critical period is in all circumstances and in all respects doomed to fossilize at a non-native-like level.

In 1991 one of the editors of the present volume, Zsolt Lengyel, offered to host an
'expert seminar' on the age factor in second language acquisition for the
European Second Language Association (EUROSLA), and the other of the
present ...

The Split IP Parameter in Second Language Learning

The book addresses some important issues in second language acquisition research, such as access to Universal Grammar, the factors that account for success or failure in L2 learning, as well as parameter (re)setting, within the generative framework. The empirical data against which the research hypothesis is tested come from two main studies: a longitudinal one, involving beginner learners, and an experimental one, with elementary and advanced learners; all subjects are adults learning English in a formal instruction setting, with Romanian as L1. Starting from Chomsky’s (2005) account of first language acquisition in terms of three factors, namely genetic endowment, experience and non-linguistic principles, the first chapter of the book explores the question of whether the same three factors may be operating in second language learning. The rest of the book focuses on more specific research issues related to access to Universal Grammar and parameter (re)setting. Since L1 acquisition is defined mainly as the process of parameter setting on the basis of the input, parameter setting is expected to be at the core of L2 learning as well. However, in the literature, it has often been argued that one of the most important differences between L1 and L2 acquisition is related precisely to this process. The parameter which the book focuses on is the split IP parameter (Bobaljik and Thráinsson, 1998), in the case of Romanian L1 learners of English as L2. Romanian is (+ split IP) while English is (- split IP). In this case, the learners would need to move from the positive (+) value of the parameter to the negative (-) one, i.e. from a wider set of property values to a more restrictive one. There are three possible scenarios: (i) the L2 learners set the negative (-) value from the target language from the very beginning, on the basis of input alone; (ii) the learners first transfer the positive (+) value from their L1 and reset this value to the L2 negative (-) one as they progress in acquiring the L2; the final state is L2-like; (iii) the learners first transfer the positive (+) value from their L1 but resetting is impossible; the L2 underlying representations are different from those of native speakers even with advanced speakers, and what may account for final L2 state is parameter learning. These scenarios are explored with the help of the data provided by longitudinal and experimental studies.

This chapter explores the role of several factors which underlie instructed1
second language learning. One such factor which has been the focus of much
research in the generative tradition is Universal Grammar (UG). This is based on
the ...

The Intersection of Library Learning and Second-Language Learning

Theory and Practice

Language learning and library learning in a university setting are closely related endeavors that intersect at various times and locations, and with various teachers and learners. This book is an examination of how these intersections are experienced by language learners. Its aim is to explore the two types of learning to help sustain and develop the learning in both areas. The Intersection of Library Learning and Second-Language Learning: Theory and Practice is aimed at practitioners, both librarians and language instructors, and describes everyday scenarios which will resonate with academic librarians and language instructors. It presents practical experiences and accompanies them with a consideration of the literature of both librarianship and language education. It reviews and evaluates professional practices employed by working librarians and language instructors in their dealings with international students. Considerations of the intersections between language learning and library learning are placed within a theoretical framework of learner autonomy. This framework offers librarians and language instructors methods and practices that enable students to take control of their learning in the areas of both language learning and library learning. A concluding chapter offers ways to connect the framework of learner autonomy to settings outside that of a university context.

Language learning, in contrast to library learning, is a widely accepted term in the
theory and practice of language education. It invokes a complete array of differing
conceptions as to its meaning. In fact, the question, what is language learning, ...

Social Dynamics in Second Language Accent

This volume offers a definitive source for understanding social influences in L2 pronunciation, demonstrating the importance of empirical findings from a number of research perspectives, and outlining the directions that future work can take. The aim is to present a coherent argument for the significance of social factors and how they contribute to phonological acquisition.

3.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on developmental sequences in second
language (L2) phonological acquisition and the constraints that impact these
sequences. Up to now, research that examines developmental sequences in L2 ...

Telicity in the Second Language

Annotation Slabakova (U. of Iowa) examines the second language acquisition of English telicity marking by native speakers of Bulgarian. Particular attention is paid to subtle differences between English and Slavic telic and atelic sentences. Slabakova contends that Vendler's lexical classes of verbs can be represented in four phrase structure templates, where lexical properties of the verb and of the object compositionally determine telicity. The text is a revised version of the author's Ph.D. thesis (1997, McGill U.) Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

... attempt to demonstrate, comparing Slavic and English aspectuality, that the
subtle differences in aspectual interpretation that I am about to describe are due
to the different structural positions of aspectual morphemes in the two languages.

Consciousness and Second Language Learning

The book offers a novel view of consciousness and its place in second language learning, using the established cognitive framework, MOGUL. It also provides an extensive review of theories of consciousness and related cognitive theory and research, placing that work in the context of second language learning.

Language. Learning: A. Selective. Review. 6. In Chapter 1, I described two
general views on consciousness and human nature. One sees people as
essentially conscious creatures and so naturally emphasizes conscious
processes. The other ...

Subjectivity in a Second Language

Conveying the Expression of Self

Subjectivity, the speaker's expression of self in discourse, is a relatively under-researched area in the field of applied linguistics: this book examines the role of subjectivity in the context of second language use. Drawing on insights from discourse analysis and pragmatics, it describes how a group of students studying French at degree level at the University of Cambridge, England, convey expressions of subjectivity in personal narratives and argumentative language. In this book, the author begins by introducing the reader to key areas in the study of discourse. Using a methodology that has much in common with descriptive linguistics, he provides a wide-ranging account of how forms in language are used to convey the expression of subjectivity. His particular concern is to examine how these markers of subjectivity are used differently by native and non-native speakers of French. The discussion is carefully supplemented throughout with a variety of exemplification and discourse types, including personal narratives in French and English and transcripts of video-taped interactions in role-plays. In the course of his analysis, the author questions long-held assumptions about the way French is taught in secondary schools and in higher education institutions. The range of issues discussed, as well as the variety of examples used, will make this a valuable book not only for students of applied linguistics but also for any reader wishing to gain a deeper understanding of how the expression of subjectivity can contribute to the learning of a second language.

Lastly, the integrated pragmatics theory, used here to deal essentially with the
issue of subjective encoding, will be complemented by an approach especially
intended to study learner language, i.e. the form-function approach. Because of
the ...

Lexical Processing and Second Language Acquisition

Lexical Processing and Second Language Acquisition provides a comprehensive overview of research on second language lexical processing, integrating converging research and perspectives from Cognitive Science and Second Language Acquisition. The book begins by introducing the dominant issues addressed by research in the field in cognitive science and discussing the relevant models in the literature. It later moves toward exploring the different factors that impact second language lexical processing as well as cognitive neuroscientific approaches to the study of the issues discussed throughout the book. A concluding chapter offers a global summary of the key issues and research strands, in addition to directions for future research, with a list of recommended readings providing students and researchers with avenues for further study.

As already alluded to in the preceding chapters, several characteristics of the
learner may have an impact on second language lexical processing. In this
chapter, we will consider three specific learner characteristics that may prove
important ...

Lexical Inferencing in a First and Second Language

Cross-linguistic Dimensions

Lexical inferencing is a central process in both reading comprehension and word learning through reading. This volume presents a comprehensive research review on second language lexical inferencing (with Kirsten Haastrup) and a major new study of first and second language lexical inferencing by speakers of Persian, French and English, focusing on first language transfer effects.

Albrechtsen, D., Haastrup, K. and Henriksen, B. (2008) Vocabulary and Writing in
a First and Second Language Á Processes and Development. Houndsmill:
Palgrave MacMillan. Ard, H. and Holmburg, T. (1983) Verification of language ...

Second Language Acquisition of Articles

Empirical Findings and Theoretical Implications

Introduction : the interest of article acquisition for theories of SLA / María del Pilar García Mayo and Roger Hawkins -- Article choice in L2 English by Spanish speakers : evidence for full transfer / María del Pilar García Mayo -- Accounting for non-target like performance in L2 English article production by native speakers of Syrian Arabic and French / Ghisseh Sarko -- Questioning the validity of the article choice parameter and the fluctuation hypothesis : evidence from L2 English article use by L1 Polish and L1 Mandarin Chinese speakers / Marta Tryzna -- The processing role of the article choice parameter : evidence from L2 learners of English / Lucy Kyoungsook Kim and Usha Lakshmanan -- Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language production / Danijela Trenkic -- Article use and generic reference : parallels between L1- and L2-acquisition / Tania Ionin and Silvina Montrul -- Variability in the L2 acquisition of Norwegian DPs : an evaluation of some current SLA models / Fufen Jin, Tor A. Åfarli, and Wim A. van Dommelen -- Articles in Turkish/English interlanguage revisited : implications of vowel harmony / Heather Goad and Lydia White -- Article choice and article omission in the L3 German of native speakers of Japanese with L2 English / Carol Jaensch

Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language
production Danijela Trenkic Why do some second language learners show
persistent variability in L2 article production? This article sets out to answer the ...