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Early Learning of Modern Foreign Languages

Processes and Outcomes

Modern languages are taught to young learners at an increasingly early age, yet few publications focus on what is available to children in different contexts and classrooms. This book represents the state-of-the-art in research on young language learners. Covering a range of languages, contexts and research methods, it provides insights into how young learners progress.

Research questions The research questions addressed in this chapter relate to
the pupils' thinking and motivation for learning English. They are as follows: (1)
What do pupils think helps or hinders them most while learning English? (2) What
do pupils think the aims of learning and knowing English are at different stages in
their lives? (3) Is there a difference between the perceptions of early beginners
and late beginners? Participants The participants in this study are young learners
of ...

Oxford Modern English Grammar

New Oxford English Grammar is Oxford's brand new and definitive guide to grammar usage. This book has been written by a leading expert in the field, covers both British and American English, and makes use of the unrivalled language monitoring of Oxford's English Dictionaries programme. Arranged in three clear parts for ease of use, its comprehensive coverage ranges from the very basic to the most complex aspects of grammar, all of which are explained clearly and engagingly. This descriptive source of reference is invaluable for those with an interest in the English language, undergraduate students of all disciplines, and for anyone who would like a clear guide to English grammar and how to use it.

For general introductions to English linguistics, see Crystal (2003), and the
chapters in Aarts and McMahon (2006). On grammar and grammar writing, see
Leitner (1986), Michael (1970), and Linn (2006). On the history of prescriptivism,
see Crystal (2006). Apart from Quirk et al. (1985) and Huddleston and Pullum et
al. (2002), some wellknown modern grammars of English are Jespersen (1909–
1949), Poutsma (1914–1929), H. E. Palmer (1924), Kruisinga (1932), Zandvoort (
1945), ...

Language Change and Variation from Old English to Late Modern English

A Festschrift for Minoji Akimoto

This collection reflects Minoji Akimoto's concern with studies of change in English that are theoretically-informed, but founded on substantial bodies of data. Some of the contributors focus on individual texts and text-types, among them literature and journalism, others on specific periods, from Old English to the nineteenth century, but the majority trace a linguistic process - such as negation, passivisation, complementation or grammaticalisation - through the history of English. While several papers take a fresh look at manuscript evidence, the harnessing of wideranging electronic corpora is a recurring feature methodologically. The linguistic fields treated include word semantics, stylistics, orthography, word-order, pragmatics and lexicography. The volume also contains a bibliography of Professor Akimoto's writings and an index of linguistic terms.

Meiko Matsumoto Semantic Shifts in the Development of Color Terms in English
1. Introduction The color terms green and blue have undergone interesting
semantic shifts in the course of their development. In discussing the use of these
terms in the Middle Ages, Johan Huizinga (1954 [1924]: 271) argues that "the
relative rarity of blue and of green must not be simply ascribed to an aesthetic
predilection. [. . .] They were the special colours of love. Blue signified fidelity;
green, amorous ...

Early Modern English Dialogues

Spoken Interaction as Writing

This book analyses speech-related genres in Early Modern English, providing ideas of what spoken interaction in earlier times might have been like.

... routines, regular adjacency pairs, the role of narrative, making requests,andso
on. This hasenabledusto highlightdiachronicshifts in detail. For example, 140
Early Modern English Dialogues LIII LIV.

An Introduction to Early Modern English

An Introduction to Early Modern English, helps students of English and linguistics to place the language of the period 1500-1700 in its historical context as a language with a common core but also one which varies across time, regionally and socially, and according to register. The volume focuses on the structure of what contemporaries called the General Dialect--its spelling, vocabulary, grammar and punctuation--and on its dialectal origins. The book also discusses the language situation and linguistic anxieties in England at a time when Latin exerted a strong influence on the rising standard language.

2.1 Range of evidence Early Modern English provides the modern student with
much ampler textual and metalinguistic materials than any earlier period. For the
first time, we have contemporary analyses of the pronunciation, grammar and
vocabulary of English, and can read descriptions of its regional and social
varieties in teaching manuals and textbooks of different kinds. All this information
is valuable in that it gives the modern reader and researcher a window on the
period and its ...

A Survey of Modern English

Fully revised and updated, the second edition of this authoritative guide is a comprehensive, scholarly and systematic review of modern English. In one volume the book presents a description of both the linguistic structure of present-day English and its geographical, social, gender, and ethnic variations. Covering new developments such as the impact of email on language and corpus-based grammars, this accessible text has been extensively rewritten and brings the survey of modern English right up to date. It also offers new examples and suggestions for further reading.

This chapter deals with the phonology of English together with a certain degree
of phonetic detail and the essentials of English orthography. Naturally, a
treatment of this length cannot take the place of a textbook in phonetics and
phonology or a manual of spelling. lts aim is rather to present fundamental and
systematic characteristics of, as well as tendencies in, the development of
English pronunciation and to give the principles of English spelling in outline. 4.1
THE PHONOLOGY OF ...

Introduction to Late Modern English

Some twenty years ago it was widely believed that nothing much happened to the English language since the beginning of the eighteenth century. Recent research has shown that this is far from true, and this book offers an introduction to a period that forms the tail end of the standardisation process (codification and prescription), during which important social changes such as the Industrial Revolution are reflected in the language. Late Modern English is currently receiving a lot of scholarly attention, mainly as a result of new developments in sociohistorical linguistics and corpus linguistics. By drawing on such research the present book offers a much fuller account of the language of the period than was previously possible. It is designed for students and beginning scholars interested in Late Modern English. The volume includes: * a basis in recent research by which sociolinguistic models are applied to earlier stages of the language (1700-1900) * a focus on people as speakers (wherever possible) and writers of English* Research questions aimed at acquiring skills at working with important electronic research tools such as Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO), the Oxford English Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* Reference to electronically available texts and databases such as Martha Ballard's Diary, the Proceedings of the Old Bailey and Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.

(1797), A Vocabulary of such Words in the English Language as are of Dubious
or Unsettled Accentuation; in which the Pronunciation of Sheridan, Walker, and
other Orthoepists is Compared, London. Anon. (1826), The Vulgarities of Speech
Corrected, London. Bailey, Nathan (1721), Universal Etymological English
Dictionary, London. Baker, Robert (1770), Reflections on the English Language,
London. Batchelor, T. (1809), An Orthoëpical Analysis of the English Language,
London.

Varieties of Modern English

An Introduction

The 'story' of English is continually re-told and re-written, as more and more people use the language and have a part in shaping the way it develops. Varieties of Modern English provides a critical introduction to the study of regional, social, gendered, context- and medium-related varieties of the language, and explores some of the debates concerning the role and impact of English in different parts of the world today. Beginning by outlining the main types of variation in language, the book focuses on the link between language or dialect and the construction of both group and individual identities. Issues of identity are crucial to chapters on the roots of Modern English, on gender and English, on ethnicity and English and on English as an international language. As well as looking at a range of 'users' of the language, Davies also explores many of its 'uses' and modes, including the English of literary texts, advertising, newspaper reporting and commentary, political speeches, email and text messaging. Written in a discursive, student-friendly style, the book also provides: * A rich mix of illustrative material * End-of-chapter Activities and related Comments at the end of the book * Suggestions for further reading Varieties of Modern English provides a thought-provoking overview of its subject and will be invaluable reading for students of English Language and Linguistics.

No study of varieties of English in the modern era can afford to ignore the key
events and influences in the development of the language. In this chapter we will
look at the roots of 'modern' English, at the standardisation processes that have
accompanied the language and its evolution into a 'global' language and
international lingua franca. Modern English is most simply defined as a third
stage in the history of the language, beginning around 1450 (the first two being
the Old English ...

The Linguistic Structure of Modern English

This text is for advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in contemporary English, especially those whose primary area of interest is English as a second language, primary or secondary-school education, English stylistics, theoretical and applied linguistics, or speech pathology. The emphasis is on empirical facts of English rather than any particular theory of linguistics; the text does not assume any background in language or linguistics. In this newly revised edition numerous example sentences are taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. A full glossary of key terms, an additional chapter on pedagogy and new sections on cognitive semantics and politeness have been added. Other changes include: completely updated print references; web links to sites of special interest and relevance; and a revised, reader-friendly layout. A companion website that includes a complete workbook with self-testing exercises and a comprehensive list of web links accompanies the book. The website can be found at the following address: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.156.workbook Students completing the text and workbook will acquire: a knowledge of the sound system of contemporary English; an understanding of the formation of English words; a comprehension of the structure of both simple and complex sentence in English; a recognition of complexities in the expression of meaning; an understanding of the context and function of use upon the structure of the language; and an appreciation of the importance of linguistic knowledge to the teaching of English to first and second-language learners. Laurel J. Brinton is Professor of English Language at the University of British Columbia. Donna M. Brinton is Senior Lecturer in TESOL at the University of Southern California's Rossier School of Education."The Linguistic Structure of Modern English" is a revised edition of "The Structure of Modern English" by Laurel J. Brinton (2000).

A number of phonemic rules for specific English phonemes and their allophones
are stated. The chapter then treats the topic of phonological rules, which account
generally for allophonic variation in English. This is followed by a description of
the constraints on possible positions for sounds and possible sound
combinations in English. The chapter then turns to the features of stress and
intonation in English, features which extend over more than one sound. The
characteristics of stress ...

Studies in Early Modern English

The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics.

From stress-timing to syllable-timing: changes in the prosodic system of Late
Middle English and Early Modern English Manfred Markus 1. Introduction At the
International Conference on Language Contact and Linguistic Change at
Rydzyna (near Poznari) on 5 -8 June, 1991, one of the papers, presented by
Gasiorowski, dealt with the intricate question of how word stress changed in
Middle English due to the impact of Anglo-Norman loan words. Present-day
English word stress was ...