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A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning

This book addresses issues such as the relation of form to meaning, the relevance of SLA research, and the validity of task-based learning. It also contrasts universalist accounts of language learning and individual differences between learners.

testing. At the outset, though, we will look at the problems of assessment as they
have been conceived by testers themselves. In general terms, a test is a
systematic method of eliciting performance which is intended to be the basis for
some sort of decision making, although this is not to deny that many tests are not
terribly systematic, elicit fairly questionable language performance, and do not
lead to any decisions being made. Testers, in other words, argue for care and
standardization ...

Individual Differences in Second Language Learning

Understanding the way in which learners differ from one another is of fundamental concern to those involved in second-language acquisition, either as researchers or teachers. This account is the first to review at book length the important research into differences, considering matters such as aptitude, motivation, learner strategies, personality and interaction between learner characteristics and types of instruction.

(a) by responding positively to the given learning opportunities, or by identifying
and seeking preferred learning environments and exploiting them. (b) by adding
related language learning activities to the regular programme, and/or intensifying
 ...