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Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf

Power Politics in Transition

Great Britain’s decision, announced in 1968, to withdraw its forces from the Gulf by 1971 was a turning point in the modern history of the Middle East. The lengthy British imperial presence had guaranteed a prolonged stability for the Gulf unmatched elsewhere in the region. Now, in the space of four years, regional players had to find rules of common coexistence; a viable state had to be created from scattered emirates along the Arab coast and relations with the outside world redefined. The history of the Gulf from 1968-71 is usually treated as the final episode of the British Empire’s hold on the Middle East. Yet with the United States immersed in the Vietnam war, and the Soviet Union pursuing a policy of caution, there was no world power waiting to succeed Britain. As a result, Gulf politics ‘went local’. This book examines how, in the context of interplay between its ambitions and the regional and international environment, Iran influenced efforts to reorder the Gulf’s political landscape. Its central argument is that a better understanding of the new Gulf order can be achieved by emphasizing local concerns and the degree to which regional powers influenced the policy of external powers in those formative years.

Power Politics in Transition Faisal bin Salman al-Saud. 3. From. Gunboat.
Diplomacy. to. Compromise. 'The departure of foreign forces from the Arabian
Gulf,' declared President Arif of Iraq in March 1968 '... means that the area is
returning to normal and is regaining legitimate rights which were usurped many
years ago.'1 Some two months later, the Shah told a Pakistani journalist that'...
the withdrawal of Britain from the Gulf must be a real one,' and added that Britain
must not use ...

Osama

The Making of a Terrorist

"With his long-maintained sources in the Middle East and his intimate understanding of the region, Randal gives us a clearer explanation than any we have had of the whys and wherefores of the world's most prominent and feared terrorist operated."--Back cover.

"With his long-maintained sources in the Middle East and his intimate understanding of the region, Randal gives us a clearer explanation than any we have had of the whys and wherefores of the world's most prominent and feared terrorist ...

Islam and the Myth of Confrontation

Religion and Politics in the Middle East

The collapse of communism and the rise of militant Islamic movements in the Middle East, raised the specter of a future dominated by the conflict between "Islam" and "the West". September 11 has only branded that notion onto the world’s consciousness. In this up-to-date edition of Halliday's classic text, he sets out to reject these interpretations. Considering the sources of Islamic militancy and analyzing the confrontational rhetoric of both Islamic and anti-Muslim demagogues, he provides an alternative, critical but cautious, reassessment.

Equally they would point to the importance of transnational ideologies - Arab
nationalism, Islam, Third World assertion - in the conflict, and of the growing
communality of interest of the developed countries who acted to defend what they
saw as an international interest. For many ... the Western states in colonial times.
29 This would bear out Thomas Kuhn's observation that any decent paradigm,
any 'historically significant' theory, can 'more or less' provide an explanation. Yet
there are ...

The Valley of the Kings

A Site Management Handbook

During the New Kingdom (c. 1570–1070 BCE), the Valley of the Kings was the burial place of Egypt’s pharaohs, including such powerful and famous rulers as Amenhotep III, Rameses II, and Tutankhamen. They were buried here in large and beautifully decorated tombs that have become among the country’s most visited archaeological sites. The tourists contribute millions of badly needed dollars to Egypt’s economy. But because of inadequate planning, these same visitors are destroying the very tombs they come to see. Crowding, pollution, changes in the tombs’ air quality, ever-growing tourist infrastructure—all pose serious threats to the Valley’s survival. This volume, the result of twenty-five years of work by the Theban Mapping Project at the American University in Cairo, traces the history of the Valley of the Kings and offers specific proposals to manage the site and protect its fragile contents. At the same time, it recognizes the need to provide a positive experience for the thousands of visitors who flock here daily. This is the first major management plan developed for any Egyptian archaeological site, and as its proposals are implemented, they offer a replicable model for archaeologists, conservators, and site managers throughout Egypt and the region. Published in both English and Arabic editions and supported by the World Monuments Fund, this critical study will help to ensure the survival of Egypt’s patrimony in a manner compatible with the country’s heavy reliance on tourism income.

As we have demonstrated in the preceding chapters, the greatest threats facing
the Valley of the Kings today are a result of its popularity with visitors. To tackle
the complex problems caused by such huge numbers of visitors, we have to
identify the causes, and develop plans to manage the Valley in ways that will
mitigate tourism's adverse effects. For example, we need to calculate how many
people can safely visit the Valley in a single day; how many can visit in one hour;
how tourists ...

Sharia and the Concept of Benefit

The Use and Function of Maslaha in Islamic Jurisprudence

The idea of maslaha has a rich history in classical legal thought and literature. Conventionally translated into English as ‘general benefit’ or ‘general interest’, it has been the subject, over many centuries, of intense argument in Muslim legal manuals about how the concept should be constructed and how it might be interpreted. Some celebrated scholars have even elevated its status to an independent legal source; while other prominent jurists have spoken of the special strictures which need to be applied to maslaha when considering it within the overall framework of Islamic law. In this thorough and original treatment of the concept, Abdul Aziz bin Sattam offers the first sustained examination of one of the most important tenets of Sharia. Seeking to illuminate not only the intricacies of its application, but also the wider history which has shaped it, the author examines its foundations, theoretical underpinnings and the key debates in both classical and contemporary texts. His book will be a vital resource for all those with an interest in Islamic law, whether of the medieval or modern periods.

He sells them to an agricultural marketing company, making a profit of £100,000,
with minimal cost to himself; 2. He takes his produce to the marketplace where he
sells them, making a profit of £150,000. However, when the farmer considers ...

Liberals in Schism

A History of the National Liberal Party

Formed out of a breakaway from the mainstream Liberal party in 1931, the Liberal National party (renamed the 'National Liberal Party' in 1948) preserved a separate identity for almost 40 years. During this time they helped ensure that the Liberals themselves would not return to their former status of a governing party while helping to broaden the electoral appeal of their Conservative allies, contributing significantly to the Tory domination of the British political scene in the middle of the twentieth century. Here, David Dutton shows us for the first time how the National Liberals were a potent force in shaping the evolution of British politics in the middle decades of the twentieth century, before they finally merged with the Conservative party in 1968.

169–70. Lloyd George MSS, G/17/11/8, Lloyd George to Scott 27 Dec. 1923. E.D.
Simon MSS, M/11/11, diary 21 Jan. 1924. P. Harris, Forty Years in andout of
Parliament (London, n.d.), p. 97. MacDonald diary 9 May 1924, cited D.
Marquand, ...

The Reign of Mubarak-Al-Sabah

Shaikh of Kuwait 1896-1915

This is a critical history of the reign of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah, widely regarded as the founder of modern Kuwait. The author discusses the Sheikh's seizure of power and the nature of his involvement in tribal politics.

In 1912, Shakespear, who was of course inclined to favour Mubarak's side of the
story, said that Mubarak had frequently come close to evicting the Ottomans from
Umm Qasr altogether between 1902 and 1912, but had only restrained himself ...

A History of the Arabian Peninsula

The importance of this collection lies in its origins: for the first time, leading Saudi Arabian historians have created a history of the Arabian Peninsula which analyses that history from an internal Arabian perspective. The book explores the original Bedouin settlement of the region, the development of the major urban areas of Arabia during the Umayyad period, the socio-political and economic developments in the Hijad and Najd up to the eighteenth century into the modern era and the rise and development of the Saudi state. This book makes a major contribution to our understanding of the history of the Arabian Peninusla, not least because it provides a perspective from and a flavour of its local origins._x000D_

ARABIAN. PENINSULA. 1923–1926. Vitali Naumkin Immediately after the
October 1917 Revolution, the Bolshevik government in Russia included the '
Islamic' current among the basic priorities of its foreign policy, which was, at that
time, in a ...

Rebellion in Brunei

The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil

Brunei has long been associated with massive oil resources and the stability that its wealth can guarantee. But little is known of the revolt of 1962 which might have changed the fortunes of the sultanate and the fate of South East Asia. This is the first comprehensive history of the Brunei Rebellion, the trigger for the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation of the 60s and of critical importance in understanding the history of the region. The revolt of 1962 was a small armed uprising in support of a Borneo Federation consisting of Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo. It opposed the Malaysian Federation, seen as a buttress of British and Western imperial interest. In a period of great tension between the West and the Communist world, China viewed the rebellion as a national liberation war and it was quickly suppressed by the British Emergency Force. But although the rebellion itself was short-lived, the consequences for the region's international relations within Asia and with the West - especially given Brunei's emergence as a significant oil-producer - were far-reaching.

British officials emphasised that the insurgency in Borneo had continued
throughout June and July despite his talk of peace; and Sir Andrew Gilchrist, the
ambassador to Indonesia, reported that General Nasution, the Indonesian
Minister of Defence, had privately asserted that Confrontation would continue
regardless of 'Maphilindo' until Britain was forced to vacate its base at Singapore.
The British Government was determined that, despite U Thant's mission, the
setting up of Malaysia ...

The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam

Beliefs and Practices

The second largest branch of Islam, with between 130 and 190 million adherents across the globe, Shi'i Islam is becoming an increasingly significant force in contemporary politics, especially in the Middle East. This makes an informed understanding of its fundamental spiritual beliefs and practices both necessary and timely._x000D_ _x000D_ Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi is one of the most distinguished scholars of Shi'i history and theology, and in this volume he offers a wide-ranging and engaging survey of the core texts of Shi'i Islam. Examining in turn the origins and later developments of Shi'i spirituality, the author reveals the profoundly esoteric nature of the beliefs which accrued to the figures of the early Imams, and which became associated with their interaction between the material and spiritual worlds. Many of these beliefs have remained much misunderstood even within the wider Muslim world. Furthermore, Western scholarship has tended to follow the lead of the earlier orientalists and critics, viewing Shi'i teachings as marginal._x000D_ _x000D_ In this study the author shows, by contrast, how central and creative the very nature of spirituality was to the development of Shi'i Islam, as well as to classical Muslim civilisation as a whole. In this comprehensive treatment, the esoteric nature of Shi'i spirituality emerges as an essential phenomenon for understanding Shi'i Islam._x000D_

... and even more so, proofs based on ancestral beliefs. The Qur'anic bases
Famous for his legendary knowledge of and. 30. Diwan Ahu'l-Aswad al-Du'ali, ed
. M. H. Al Yasin (Beirut, 1974), pp. 119—120; Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Kitah al-
Aghani, 20 vols (Bulaq, 1285/1868), vol. 12, p. 321 (a shorter version of the poem
). 31. Ansab al-ashraf, vol. 3, ed. M. B. al-Mahmudi (Beirut, 1974), p. 28; Abu'l-
Faraj al-Isfahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, ed. S. A. Saqr (Cairo 1949; rpr., Qumm,
1416/1995), p.