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Brain Stimulation

Chapter 46. Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis

Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is the most frequently studied measure derived from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in multiple sclerosis (MS); it is abnormal in 57–93% of patients. Addition of the triple stimulation technique and combining motor with other evoked potentials (EPs) increases sensitivity. Cross-sectional correlations of TMS measures with clinical assessments of motor dysfunction or global disability are high. Longitudinally, CMCT is sensitive to both worsening and improvement of motor function, showing its potential to detect therapeutic responses. Moreover, combined multimodal EPs are valid quantitative predictors of the clinical course over periods ranging from 2 to 14 years. Measures of transcallosal connectivity (ipsilateral silent period and interhemispheric inhibition) are altered even in early MS, and yield complementary information on subclinical changes. Pathological brain plasticity in MS has been demonstrated by paired associative stimulation studies revealing a compensatory role of the ipsilateral motor and premotor areas. Central motor fatigue is associated with reduced motor EP amplitudes and increased cortical silent periods in normal controls, whereas patients with MS suffering from subjective fatigue show various abnormalities in cortical modulation of the motor system.

Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis Regina Schlaeger Department
of Neurology, Hospitals of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Martin
Hardmeier Department of Neurology, Hospitals of the University of Basel, Basel,
 ...

Strategic Issues in Information Technology

International Implications for Decision Makers

Strategic Issues in Information Technology: International Implications for Decision Makers presents the significant development of information technology in the output of components, computers, and communication equipment and systems. This book discusses the integration of information technology into factories and offices to increase productivity. Organized into six parts encompassing 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the advancement towards an automated interpretation communication system to achieve real international communication. This text then examines the main determining factors for development. Other chapters consider the issue of domestic interests versus international cooperation. This book discusses as well the rapid progress in information technology, which results in pervasive and basic change across the range of human activity in industry, trade, public service, government, work, and leisure. The final chapter deals with information technology's potential impact on industrialized economies and societies. This book is a valuable resource for engineers, designers, entrepreneurs, and managers.

Information Technology and the Individual There are many aspects to
developments in information technologies which have an impact on society and
the individual. Some of these are basic issues such as privacy, the
dehumanisation of ...

Information Technology Research and Development

Critical Trends and Issues

Information Technology Research and Development: Critical Trends and Issues is a report of the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Government on the research and development in the area of information technology. The report discusses information technology research and development - its goals, nature, issues, and strategies; environment and its changes; the roles of the participants; and the health of its field. The book then goes on to four selected case studies in information technology: advanced computer architecture; fiber optic communications; software engineering; and artificial intelligence. The text also talks about the effects of divestiture and deregulation on research; education and human resources for research and development; foreign information technology research and development; and technology and industry. The text is recommended for students and researchers of information technology who wish to know more about the state of research and development in this field and the applications of this research in different areas.

Foreign Information Technology Research and Development International
Trends in Information Technology Research and Development Several trends
demonstrate that the United States is experiencing greater international
interdependence ...

Introduction to Information Optics

While there are books treating individual topics contained in this book, this will be the first single volume providing a cohesive treatment on this subject as a whole. This goes beyond optical communications in that it includes related topics such as sensing, displays, computing, and data storage.

Francis T.S. Yu The Pennsylvania State University Light is not only the
mainstream of energy that supports life; it also provides us with an important
source of information. One can easily imagine that without light, our present
civilization would ...

Information Warfare

Corporate Attack and Defence in a Digital World

This text introduces the concepts of information warfare from a non-military, organizational perspective. It is designed to stimulate managers to develop policies, strategies, and tactics for the aggressive use and defence of their data and knowledge base. The book covers the full gambit of information warfare subjects from the direct attack on computer systems to the more subtle psychological technique of perception management. It provides the framework needed to build management strategies in this area. The topics covered include the basics of information warfare, corporate intelligence systems, the use of deception, security of systems, modes of attack, a methodology to develop defensive measures, plus specific issues associated with information warfare. This book will be of interest to executives and managers in any public or private organization. Specifically, managers or staff in the areas of information technology, security, knowledge management, public relations, or marketing should find it directly useful. Its main purpose is to make readers aware of the new world of information saturation; thus decreasing the chance that they will become victims of those abusing the information age, whilst at the same time increasing their chances of benefiting from the new opportunities produced. Addresses the issues and implications of cyber warfare and how it directly impacts on companies

Corporate Attack and Defence in a Digital World William Hutchinson, Matt Warren
. Introduction. In contemporary times, information technology and its associated
systems have flooded the world with data. Information/knowledge components of
 ...

Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants

This complete revision of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume 1 builds upon Ernest E. Ludwig’s classic text to further enhance its use as a chemical engineering process design manual of methods and proven fundamentals. This new edition includes important supplemental mechanical and related data, nomographs and charts. Also included within are improved techniques and fundamental methodologies, to guide the engineer in designing process equipment and applying chemical processes to properly detailed equipment. All three volumes of Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants serve the practicing engineer by providing organized design procedures, details on the equipment suitable for application selection, and charts in readily usable form. Process engineers, designers, and operators will find more chemical petrochemical plant design data in: Volume 2, Third Edition, which covers distillation and packed towers as well as material on azeotropes and ideal/non-ideal systems. Volume 3, Third Edition, which covers heat transfer, refrigeration systems, compression surge drums, and mechanical drivers. A. Kayode Coker, is Chairman of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology department at Jubail Industrial College in Saudi Arabia. He’s both a chartered scientist and a chartered chemical engineer for more than 15 years. and an author of Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design, Analysis and Simulation, Gulf Publishing Co., and Modeling of Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design, Butterworth-Heinemann. Provides improved design manuals for methods and proven fundamentals of process design with related data and charts Covers a complete range of basic day-to-day petrochemical operation topics with new material on significant industry changes since 1995.

This volume has therefore been extensively revised and contains a new chapter
covering the physical properties of ... of the use of Fortran and Excel programs to
solve selected mathematical problems in chemical process engineering design.

Innovations in Adolescent Substance Abuse Interventions

Innovations in Adolescent Substance Abuse Interventions focuses on developmentally appropriate approaches to the assessment, prevention, or treatment of substance use problems among adolescents. Organized into 16 chapters, this book begins with an assessment of adolescent substance use; theory, methods, and effectiveness of a drug abuse prevention approach; and problem behavior prevention programming for schools and community groups. Some chapters follow on the community-, family- and school-based interventions for adolescents with substance use problems. Other chapters explain psychopharmacological therapy; the assertive aftercare protocol for adolescent substance abusers; and twelve-step-based interventions for adolescents.

Treatment efficacy refers to intervention strength in producing an expected
positive effect under optimal conditions of participant sampling, treatment setting,
and treatment implementation (Hoagwood, Hibbs, Brent & Jensen, 1995;
Seligman, ...

Modeling in Transport Phenomena

A Conceptual Approach

Modeling in Transport Phenomena, Second Edition presents and clearly explains with example problems the basic concepts and their applications to fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical reaction engineering and thermodynamics. A balanced approach is presented between analysis and synthesis, students will understand how to use the solution in engineering analysis. Systematic derivations of the equations and the physical significance of each term are given in detail, for students to easily understand and follow up the material. There is a strong incentive in science and engineering to understand why a phenomenon behaves the way it does. For this purpose, a complicated real-life problem is transformed into a mathematically tractable problem while preserving the essential features of it. Such a process, known as mathematical modeling, requires understanding of the basic concepts. This book teaches students these basic concepts and shows the similarities between them. Answers to all problems are provided allowing students to check their solutions. Emphasis is on how to get the model equation representing a physical phenomenon and not on exploiting various numerical techniques to solve mathematical equations. A balanced approach is presented between analysis and synthesis, students will understand how to use the solution in engineering analysis. Systematic derivations of the equations as well as the physical significance of each term are given in detail Many more problems and examples are given than in the first edition - answers provided

Heat flux Heat transfer coefficient Length Mass Mass flow rate Mass flux Mass
transfer coefficient Power PreSSure Temperature Thermal Conductivity Velocity
Viscosity Volume Volumetric flow rate 1 W/m2 = 1 J/s-m” 1 W/m2 = 0.31709 Btu/h.
ft” ...

Modelling in Transport Phenomena

Modelling in Transport Phenomena: A Conceptual Approach aims to show students how to translate the inventory rate equation into mathematical terms at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The emphasis is on obtaining the equation representing a physical phenomenon and its interpretation. The book begins with a discussion of basic concepts and their characteristics. It then explains the terms appearing in the inventory rate equation, including ""rate of input"" and ""rate of output."" The rate of generation in transport of mass, momentum, and energy is also described. Subsequent chapters detail the application of inventory rate equations at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. This book is intended as an undergraduate textbook for an introductory Transport Phenomena course in the junior year. It can also be used in unit operations courses in conjunction with standard textbooks. Although it is written for students majoring in chemical engineering, it can also serve as a reference or supplementary text in environmental, mechanical, petroleum, and civil engineering courses.

NOTATION TXAB f area, m* packing surface area per unit volume, 1/m heat
capacity at constant pressure, kJ/kg. K concentration of species i, kmol/m”
diameter, m hydraulic equivalent diameter, m particle diameter, m diffusion
coefficient for ...