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Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran 1848-1914

This book is the first major study of provincial history in the Qajar period. Drawing extensively on unpublished Iranian and British documents, it explores the history of Mazandaran, a province in the Caspian region, during 1848-1914, when the province as a part of Iran was exposed to the policies of rival great powers, particularly Tzarist Russia. While showing socio-economic characteristics of Mazandaran and its potential for development, the book examines in detail the transformation of the traditional provincial community and economy in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Appendix I List of Governors General of Mazandaran (1800—1914) Reign of Fath
“Ali Shah (1797—1834): Muhammad Quli Mirza Mulkara (1799—1834) Reign of
Muhammad Shah (1834—1848): Fad'l 'Ali Khan Qarabaghi (1834) Farrukh ...

The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam

Beliefs and Practices

The second largest branch of Islam, with between 130 and 190 million adherents across the globe, Shi'i Islam is becoming an increasingly significant force in contemporary politics, especially in the Middle East. This makes an informed understanding of its fundamental spiritual beliefs and practices both necessary and timely._x000D_ _x000D_ Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi is one of the most distinguished scholars of Shi'i history and theology, and in this volume he offers a wide-ranging and engaging survey of the core texts of Shi'i Islam. Examining in turn the origins and later developments of Shi'i spirituality, the author reveals the profoundly esoteric nature of the beliefs which accrued to the figures of the early Imams, and which became associated with their interaction between the material and spiritual worlds. Many of these beliefs have remained much misunderstood even within the wider Muslim world. Furthermore, Western scholarship has tended to follow the lead of the earlier orientalists and critics, viewing Shi'i teachings as marginal._x000D_ _x000D_ In this study the author shows, by contrast, how central and creative the very nature of spirituality was to the development of Shi'i Islam, as well as to classical Muslim civilisation as a whole. In this comprehensive treatment, the esoteric nature of Shi'i spirituality emerges as an essential phenomenon for understanding Shi'i Islam._x000D_

... and even more so, proofs based on ancestral beliefs. The Qur'anic bases
Famous for his legendary knowledge of and. 30. Diwan Ahu'l-Aswad al-Du'ali, ed
. M. H. Al Yasin (Beirut, 1974), pp. 119—120; Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani, Kitah al-
Aghani, 20 vols (Bulaq, 1285/1868), vol. 12, p. 321 (a shorter version of the poem
). 31. Ansab al-ashraf, vol. 3, ed. M. B. al-Mahmudi (Beirut, 1974), p. 28; Abu'l-
Faraj al-Isfahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, ed. S. A. Saqr (Cairo 1949; rpr., Qumm,
1416/1995), p.

Masalah pendidikan nasional

beberapa sumbangan pikiran

Arti dan Makna Pendidikan Kewiraswastaan Bilamana istilah wiraswasta
diterima sebagai terjemahan enter- preneur atau sebagai pengganti kata
usahawan, maka hendaknya istilah wiraswasta tidak hanya berarti usahawan
semata-mata, ...

Budaya Melayu dalam perjalanannya menuju masa depan

Development of the future Malay culture of Riau Province; collected articles.

Development of the future Malay culture of Riau Province; collected articles.

Mengembalikan kejayaan Melayu di Indragiri

langkah mempercepat kesejahteraan rakyat dalam bingkai otonomi daerah

History of Malay in Indragiri Sultanate and regional autonomy in Indragiri Hulu, Kepulauan Riau Province; papers of a seminar.

History of Malay in Indragiri Sultanate and regional autonomy in Indragiri Hulu, Kepulauan Riau Province; papers of a seminar.