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A History of the English Language

Revised edition

The English language in its complex shapes and forms changes fast. This thoroughly revised edition has been refreshed with current examples of change and has been updated regarding archeological research. Most suggestions brought up by users and reviewers have been incorporated, for instance, a family tree for Germanic has been added, Celtic influence is highlighted much more, there is more on the origin of Chancery English, and internal and external change are discussed in much greater detail. The philosophy of the revised book remains the same with an emphasis on the linguistic history and on using authentic texts. My audience remains undergraduates (and beginning graduates). The goals of the class and the book are to come to recognize English from various time periods, to be able to read each stage with a glossary, to get an understanding of typical language change, internal and external, and to understand something about language typology through the emphasis on the change from synthetic to analytic. This book has a companion website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.183.website

This book has a companion website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.183.website

Grammaticalization as Economy

This book provides much detail on the changes involving the grammaticalization of personal and relative pronouns, topicalized nominals, complementizers, adverbs, prepositions, modals, perception verbs, and aspectual markers. It accounts for these changes in terms of two structural economy principles. Head Preference expresses that single words, i.e. heads, are used to build structures rather than full phrases, and Late Merge states that waiting as late as possible to merge, i.e. be added to the structure, is preferred over movement. The book also discusses grammar-external processes (e.g. prescriptivist rules) that inhibit change, and innovations that replenish the grammaticalized element. Most of the changes involve the (extended) CP and IP: as elements grammaticalize clause boundaries disappear. Cross-linguistic differences exist as to whether the CP, IP, and VP are all present and split and this is formulated as the Layer Principle. Changes involving the CP are typically brought about by Head Preference, whereas those involving the IP and VP by Late Merge.

This book provides much detail on the changes involving the grammaticalization of personal and relative pronouns, topicalized nominals, complementizers, adverbs, prepositions, modals, perception verbs, and aspectual markers.

An Introduction to the Grammar of English

Syntactic Arguments and Socio-historical Background

This textbook introduces basic concepts of grammar in a format which should encourage readers to use linguistic arguments. It focuses on syntactic analysis and evidence. It also looks at sociolinguisic and historical reasons behind prescriptive rules.

This textbook introduces basic concepts of grammar in a format which should encourage readers to use linguistic arguments.

A History of English Reflexive Pronouns

Person, Self, and Interpretability

This book brings together a number of seemingly distinct phenomena in the history of English: the introduction of special reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself), the loss of verbal agreement and pro-drop, and the disappearance of morphological Case. It provides vast numbers of examples from Old and Middle English texts showing a person split between first, second, and third person pronouns. Extending an analysis by Reinhart & Reuland, the author argues that the 'strength' of certain pronominal features (Case, person, number) differs cross-linguistically and that parametric variation accounts for the changes in English. The framework used is Minimalist, and Interpretable and Uninterpretable features are seen as the key to explaining the change from a synthetic to an analytic language.

This book brings together a number of seemingly distinct phenomena in the history of English: the introduction of special reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself), the loss of verbal agreement and pro-drop, and the disappearance of morphological ...

A Guide to Germanic Reference Grammars

The Modern Standard Languages

This guide provides brief descriptions and evaluations of the best reference grammars and comprehensive works on the syntax of contemporary Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Frisian, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and Yiddish.

The last third of the work is devoted to idioms. The chapters on the parts of
speech cover a certain amount of syntax besides describing the morphology.
There is no index proper, but the 'Idiomatische Woordenlijst' can serve as a word
index.

A Practical Guide to Lexicography

This is a state-of-the-art Guide to the fascinating world of the lexicon and its description in various types of dictionaries.A team of experts brings together a solid Introduction to Lexicography and leads you through decision-making processes step-by-step to compile and design dictionaries for general and specific purposes. The domains of lexicography are outlined and its specific terminology is explained in the Glossary. Each chapter provides ample suggestions for further reading. Naturally, electronic dictionaries, corpus analysis, and database management are central themes throughout the book.The book also "introduces" questions about the many types of definition, meaning, sense relations, and stylistics. And that is not all: those afraid to embark on a dictionary adventure will find out all about the pitfalls in the chapters on Design."A Practical Guide to Lexicography" introduces and seduces you to learn about the achievements, unexpected possibilities, and challenges of modern-day lexicography.

paradigmatic and syntagmatic variation, though both are subject to manipulation;
collocations are as conventional and unpredictable (at least from the point of
view of foreign users) as idioms, but they tend to show at least partial recurrent ...

Learning a Second Language Through Interaction

This text examines different perspectives on the role that interaction plays in second language acquisition. In addition the effects of language aptitude on input processing are considered, and the contribution that interaction makes to the acquisition of grammatical knowledge is discussed.

Language aptitude The study of individual differences in second language (L2)
learning has achieved considerable impetus over the last ten years (see Skehan
1989 and 1991; Oxford 1992; Ellis 1994 for surveys of the research). However ...

Appraising Research in Second Language Learning

A Practical Approach to Critical Analysis of Quantitative Research

Aimed at students of applied linguistics and TEFL on research training courses and practising language teachers, this work provides specific advice and support to those wishing to learn how to approach the critical anaysis of a research paper.

Aimed at students of applied linguistics and TEFL on research training courses and practising language teachers, this work provides specific advice and support to those wishing to learn how to approach the critical anaysis of a research ...

Telicity in the Second Language

Annotation Slabakova (U. of Iowa) examines the second language acquisition of English telicity marking by native speakers of Bulgarian. Particular attention is paid to subtle differences between English and Slavic telic and atelic sentences. Slabakova contends that Vendler's lexical classes of verbs can be represented in four phrase structure templates, where lexical properties of the verb and of the object compositionally determine telicity. The text is a revised version of the author's Ph.D. thesis (1997, McGill U.) Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

... attempt to demonstrate, comparing Slavic and English aspectuality, that the
subtle differences in aspectual interpretation that I am about to describe are due
to the different structural positions of aspectual morphemes in the two languages.

Second Language Acquisition of Articles

Empirical Findings and Theoretical Implications

Introduction : the interest of article acquisition for theories of SLA / María del Pilar García Mayo and Roger Hawkins -- Article choice in L2 English by Spanish speakers : evidence for full transfer / María del Pilar García Mayo -- Accounting for non-target like performance in L2 English article production by native speakers of Syrian Arabic and French / Ghisseh Sarko -- Questioning the validity of the article choice parameter and the fluctuation hypothesis : evidence from L2 English article use by L1 Polish and L1 Mandarin Chinese speakers / Marta Tryzna -- The processing role of the article choice parameter : evidence from L2 learners of English / Lucy Kyoungsook Kim and Usha Lakshmanan -- Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language production / Danijela Trenkic -- Article use and generic reference : parallels between L1- and L2-acquisition / Tania Ionin and Silvina Montrul -- Variability in the L2 acquisition of Norwegian DPs : an evaluation of some current SLA models / Fufen Jin, Tor A. Åfarli, and Wim A. van Dommelen -- Articles in Turkish/English interlanguage revisited : implications of vowel harmony / Heather Goad and Lydia White -- Article choice and article omission in the L3 German of native speakers of Japanese with L2 English / Carol Jaensch

Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language
production Danijela Trenkic Why do some second language learners show
persistent variability in L2 article production? This article sets out to answer the ...