Sumber: Wikipedia. Halaman: 29. Bab: Perang Salib Kedua, Ordo Bait Allah, Kingdom of Heaven, Perang Salib Pertama, Salahuddin Ayyubi, Pertempuran Nikopolis, Perang Salib Kelima, Montlh ry, Pertempuran Ascalon, Perang Salib Anak-anak, Perang Salib Ketujuh, Perang Salib Keempat, Perang Salib Ketiga, Danishmend, Latar belakang terjadinya Perang Salib, Pengepungan Edessa, Perang Salib Jerman, 1096, Pertempuran Harran, Perang Salib Utara, Pertempuran Hittin, Perang Salib Keenam, Perang Salib 1101, Perang Salib Rakyat, Quantum praedecessores, Henri I dari Champagne, Perang Salib Albigensian. Kutipan: Perang Salib Kedua (1145-1149) adalah perang salib kedua yang dilancarkan dari Eropa. Perang ini meletus akibat jatuhnya County Edessa pada tahun sebelumnya. Edessa adalah negara tentara salib yang pertama kali didirikan selama Perang Salib Pertama (1095-1099), dan juga negara yang pertama kali jatuh. Perang Salib Kedua diumumkan oleh Paus Eugenius III, dan merupakan Perang Salib pertama yang dipimpin oleh raja-raja Eropa, seperti Louis VII dari Perancis dan Conrad III dari Jerman, dengan bantuan dari bangsawan-bangsawan Eropa penting lainnya. Pasukan-pasukan kedua raja tersebut bergerak menyeberangi Eropa secara terpisah dan sedikit terhalang oleh kaisar Romawi Timur, Manuel I Comnenus. Setelah melewati Bizantium dan memasuki Anatolia, pasukan-pasukan kedua raja tersebut dikalahkan oleh tentara Seljuk. Louis, Conrad, dan sisa dari pasukannya berhasil mencapai Yerusalem dan melancarkan serangan yang "keliru" ke Damaskus pada tahun 1148. Perang Salib di Timur mencapai kemenangan. Kegagalan ini memicu jatuhnya kota Yerusalem dan Perang Salib Ketiga pada akhir abad ke-12. Tentara salib yang mampu menggapai kemenangan adalah gabungan tentara salib Flandria, Frisia, Normandia, Inggris, Skotlandia, dan Jerman. Mereka berlayar menuju Tanah Suci. Di tengah perjalanan, tentara tersebut berhenti dan membantu bangsa Portugis merebut Lisboa tahun 1147. Sementara itu, Perang Salib Uta...
Perang Salib di Timur mencapai kemenangan. Kegagalan ini memicu jatuhnya kota Yerusalem dan Perang Salib Ketiga pada akhir abad ke-12.
Marketing and distribution of sugar in Indonesia.
Marketing and distribution of sugar in Indonesia.
The most comprehensive collection of perspectives on translation to date, this anthology features essays by some of the world’s most skillful writers and translators, including Haruki Murakami, Alice Kaplan, Peter Cole, Eliot Weinberger, Forrest Gander, and José Manuel Prieto. Discussing the process and possibilities of their art, they cast translation as a fine balance between scholarly and creative expression. The volume provides students and professionals with much-needed guidance on technique and style, while also affirming for all readers the cultural, political, and aesthetic relevance of their work. These essays focus on translations to and from a diverse group of languages, including Japanese, Turkish, Arabic, and Hindi, as well as frequently encountered European languages, such as French, Spanish, Italian, German, Polish, and Russian. Contributors speak on craft, aesthetic choices, theoretical approaches, and the politics of global cultural exchange, touching on the concerns and challenges that currently affect translators working in an era of globalization. Responding to the growing popularity of translation programs, literature in translation, and the increasing need to cultivate versatile practitioners, this anthology serves as a definitive resource for those seeking a modern understanding of the craft.
And because both interpretive relations are culturally and historically variable,
neither leaves its object—the foreign text and the literature in the translating
language—entirely unaffected or intact. To a certain extent, both objects are ...
Preeminent in a relatively rare category of separate early modern treatises on translation, the 1683 De optimo genere interpretandi by the polymath cleric Pierre-Daniel Huet (1630-1721) offers a concise introduction to its nature, history, theory, process and practice. Written in the form of a Ciceronian dialogue, On the best kind of translating not only represents Huet's acute and witty defence of the often disparaged literal or word for word model, but also provides illuminating glimpses into the critical and interpretive methods of his age. A guiding premise of this first modern edition and annotated translation of Huet's entire treatise is that, now as then, translation theory and practice are complementaries. Consistent also with this premise is the conscious attempt by DeLater to apply Huet's literal translation model at every stage in the process of producing this annotated translation of his treatise. Among the topics treated in Huet's work are: (1) a definition of translation and its relationship to interpretation; (2) adaptation of translation aims and methods to the subject matter of the original; (3) the translating and glossing of idioms, proverbs, metaphors, puns and ambiguities; (4) translators' priorities, from sense and words to the elusive quality that makes a translation seem an original work; and (5) translation as an independent theoretical discipline. In addition to providing an introduction to Huet's life and works as well as explanatory glosses for his copious sources and various topics in the DOGI, the present work also supplies links between Huet's work and that of current theorists and critics in the field of translation studies.
In addition, there are translators«, publishers«, or others« prefaces to many of
these translations, although present-day scholars ofEuropean translationhistory
must often takesomecare tocomparethe precepts or general remarkson
translating ...
This book is a collection of selected articles based on talks given by established academics and translators, as well as younger researchers, at the third postgraduate symposium organized by the School of Literature and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, UK. The objective of the third postgraduate translation symposium at the University of East Anglia was to explore the current relevance of theory to the practice of translation. This volume builds on the key ideas and discussion that arose from the symposium, bringing together, amongst others, the current debates concerning the complex relationship between theory and practice in the field of translation studies, taking into consideration a wide range of perspectives, both modern and traditional. A broad cross-section of research exploring the present relevance of translation theory to practice is presented by many of the individual contributors to this volume. These papers provide both current theoretical insights into the relevance of theory to translation and also, in some examples, offer first-hand experiences of applying appropriate strategies and methods to the practice and description of translation.
Maria Cristina Consiglio Introduction Translating a multilingual novel is a real
challenge to the translator. The presence of dialects, sociolects, idiolects, slangs,
or jargons, alongside the standard language, presents a series of questions to be
...
"The Theory and Practice of Translation," first published in 1982 and a companion work to "Toward a Science of Translating" (Brill, 1964), analyses and describes the set of processes involved in translating. Bible translating, the focus of this work, offers a unique subject for such a study, as it has an exceptionally long history, involves more than 2,000 languages, a vast range of cultures and a broader range of literary structures than any other type of translating. Not only of interest to Biblical scholars, therefore, this work explores issues of textual meanings and the procedures for communicating these meanings into other languages and cultures.
CHAPTER ONE A NEW CONCEPT OF TRANSLATING Never before in the
history of the world have there been so many persons engaged in the translating
of both secular and religious materials. It is estimated that at least 100,000
persons ...
Winner of the Anna Balakian Prize 2016 Is poetry lost in translation, or is it perhaps the other way around? Is it found? Gained? Won? What happens when a poet decides to give his favorite Russian poems a new life in English? Are the new texts shadows, twins or doppelgangers of their originals-or are they something completely different? Does the poet resurrect himself from the death of the author by reinterpreting his own work in another language, or does he turn into a monster: a bilingual, bicultural centaur? Alexandra Berlina, herself a poetry translator and a 2012 Barnstone Translation Prize laureate, addresses these questions in this new study of Joseph Brodsky, whose Nobel-prize-winning work has never yet been discussed from this perspective.
There was no need to introduce “Joseph Brodsky” into the Russian language; he
was close enough to “Iosif Brodskiy” in terms of poetic diction. Translating one's
own poetry is, intellectually and emotionally, a taxing task. As Akhmatova put it, ...
