This book traces the beginning of the process of nation-formation, the struggle for independence, the hopeful beginning of the new nation-state of Indonesia only to be followed by hard and difficult ways to remain true to the ideals of independence. In the process Indonesia with its sprawling archipelago and its multi-ethnic and multi-religious nation has to undergo various types of crisis and internal conflicts, but the ideals that have been nurtured since the beginning when a new nation began to be visualized remain intact. Some changes in the interpretation may have taken place and some deviations here and there can be noticed but the literal meaning of the ideals continues to be the guiding light. In short this is a history of a nation in the continuing effort to retain the ideals of its existence.
Reprinted in the collected works of Asrul Sani, Surat-Surat Kepercayaan, edited
by Ajip Rosidi (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1997). See, Benedict R.O'G., Anderson,
Java in a Time of the Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944—1946 (
Ithaca/ ...
The Kaum Muda Movement in West Sumatra (1927-1933)
The driving force of Minangkabau history arises from the struggle to build a balanced social order on a convergence of seemingly contradictory social and cultural aspects. From the time when Islam was conceived as a pillar of the Minangkabau world, the history of Minangkabau has been dominated by an effort to attain an acceptable equilibrium between the doctrine of a universal religion and the wisdom and ideals of the pre-existing pillar, the indigenous element or adat. The idea that Islam is an inseparable part of Minangkabau has generated constant internal struggle. A traditional notion that ideas which came from the outside world (the rantau) might endanger the foundation of Minangkabau or stimulate disturbing potentialities already inherent in it resulted in ambivalence toward Western-oriented modernization. The purpose of this study is to trace the development of the Kaum Muda movement and to inquire into its intellectual and social impact on Minangkabau. The principal actors were actually from the second generation of Islamic modernists, the students of the Kaum Muda ulama. We will examine the way they confronted their social and political environment; the path they followed in carrying out their various programs; their encounter with the Dutch government; and their relationship with the adat authorities. We will seek to determine the impact of the activities and intellectual development of these young Islamic modernists upon their own group and upon their relationship with their former mentors, the Kaum Muda ulama. For this reason, the study concentrates on the period beginning in early 1927 and ending with the third quarter of 1933.- Taufik Abdullah"
In April 1927, it was estimated that about 600 men and 512 women were
registered as members of Muhammadijah in Sungai Batang-Tandjung Sani.17
By November, the number had more than doubled, totaling about 2,440 persons,
of whom ...
Competition and Cooperation in Ankara, Izmir, and Amsterdam
This study analyses the dynamics between the non-Muslim merchant elites of Ankara and Izmir (mostly Greeks and Armenians) and their European competitors in the 18th century, particularly the mohair trade in Ankara, and Ottoman infiltration of the Dutch trade between Amsterdam and Izmir.
Muslim Shia Clerics Between Quietism and Resistance
Religion and Politics in Iraq features four chapters that outline the major political developments faced by Iraq's Muslim clerics from the end of the 19th century, under the ailing Ottoman empire, to the 1980s. This crucial period saw fierce internal struggles, foreign intervention and bloody persecution of the political opposition, as well as the emergence of a totalitarian one-party system with absolute control over all sectors of social and religious life. During this period, Baathist Iraq attacked its Muslim neighbours Kuwait and Iran and used poison gas in its "ethnic cleansing" campaign against the Kurds. This book focuses on the dilemma of Iraq's clerics within this setting, caught between political activism and quietism. It addresses also major developments in neighbouring Iran insofar as they had a bearing on Iraq.
Muslim Shia Clerics Between Quietism and Resistance M. Ismail Marcinkowski. 4
. Quietism. versus. Activism. Past. and. Present: The. Theoretical. Discussion.
within. the. Community. In the previous chapter I have aimed at demarcating the ...
What were the causes of the Iraq War? Who were the main players? How was the war sold to the decision makers? Despite all that has been written on the Iraq war the myriad scholarly, journalistic and polemical works the answers to these questions remain shrouded in an ideological mist. The Road to Iraq is an empirical investigation that dispels this fog. Discover how a small but ideologically coherent and socially cohesive group of determined political agents used the contingency of 9/11 to overwhelm a skeptical foreign policy establishment, military brass and intelligence apparatus.
The highestlevel confirmation came from Naji Sabri, theIraqi foreign minister, who
was cooperating with French intelligence as a paid spy.119 The French had
turned him over to the CIA. Sabri revealed that Saddam neither possessed, nor
was ...
Sejarah Kedah Dua Millenia mengandungi sembilan bab yang membincangkan tentang sejarah negeri Kedah Darul Aman dari setiap aspek. Ia merangkumi aspek kesultanan, pentadbiran, ekonomi, pendidikan dan lain-lain dari zaman tradisi hingga kini. Penghasilan buku ini juga di harapkan dapat memberi kesedaran kepada setiap golongan masyarakat di Malaysia tentang sejarah negeri Kedah Darul Aman dengan lebih jelas. Pemahaman tersebut sangat penting bagi melahirkan rasa syukur dan terima kasih terhadap semua nikmatyang diperoleh sebagai rakyat Malaysia khususnya rakyat negeri Kedah Darul Aman. Buku ini juga mampu mengisi keperluan para pembaca dalam usaha mengetahui sejarah negeri Kedah dengan mendalam. Diharapkan dengan penghasilan buku ini, sejarah negeri Kedah Darul Aman terus tersemat tanpa dilupai oleh generasi akan datang.
The Middle Paleolithic Stone Tool Assemblage from Ar Rasfa
Ar Rasfa is a Middle Paleolithic open-air site located in the Rift Valley of Northwest Jordan excavated between 1997-1999. This book presents a detailed technological, typological, and palaeoanthropological analysis of the stone tool assemblage from Ar Rasfa. Artefacts reflecting the initial preparation and exploitation of local flint sources dominate the Ar Rasfa assemblage. Typologically, the assemblage is most similar to Levantine Mousterian assemblages such as those from Naamé, Skhul and Qafzeh. Patterns of lithic variability and contextual evidence suggest Ar Rasfa was visited intermittently by human populations circulating between lake/river-edge resources in the Rift Valley bottom and woodland habitats along the ridge of the Transjordan Plateau.
