Ce livre propose plusieurs analyses approfondies sur la notion d'orientalisme, dont les prémices en Europe remontent au Moyen-Âge. Terme auquel, dès le départ, on attribue deux significations : l’une que l’on peut qualifier de savante, fondée sur un apprentissage plus ou moins rigoureux, mais toujours laborieux des langues de l’Orient musulman, l’arabe d’abord, le turc et le persan ensuite ; l’autre que l’on peut qualifier de littéraire, et, plus largement, artistique, mettant ce même Orient, tantôt réel, tantôt rêvé, au centre de l’œuvre.
Ce livre propose plusieurs analyses approfondies sur la notion d'orientalisme, dont les prémices en Europe remontent au Moyen-Âge.
This book explores the legal structure of the Ottoman Empire between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries and examines its association with the Empire s sociopolitical structure. The author s main focus is on the relationship between formal Islamic law and the law as it was actually administered in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Istanbul and its environs. Using court records, other primary archival documents, and little-used Islamic literature, Gerber establishes for the first time that large bodies of the law were indeed practiced and enforced as law. This refutes the ethnocentric Western view, propagated by Max Weber, that Islamic law was dispensed arbitrarily because of a widening gap between ossified Muslim law and a changing Muslim society. Gerber furthermore integrates his empirical research into a wider theoretical framework adapted from legal and historical-legal anthropology and uses this material as the basis for comparisons between the Ottoman Empire s legal system and other legal systems, most notably that of Morocco. This book shows that although Islamic law as practiced did have to contend with an inviolable sacred core, historical development nevertheless took place that can shed new light on the civilization of Islam."
In fact, this legal structure is only the empirical data base, and the study seeks to
address some wider questions that should be of interest to students of Islam and
the Middle East as well as to students of historical legal anthropology. The study
casts serious doubt on several fundamental notions concerning the nature of
premodern Islamic society — such as the supposed gap between theory and
practice, one major expression of which was the province of law: the shana was
sacred, ...
Tahukah Anda, sekarang masanya Loyalitas Pelanggan Era Kelima! • Era Pertama, Customer Satisfaction: loyalitas pelanggan dipahami sama dengan kepuasan pelanggan (customer satisfaction). • Era Kedua, Customer Retention: loyalitas pelanggan dipahami sebagai retensi pelanggan (customer retention). Tidak penting lagi apakah pelanggan puas atau tidak, yang penting dia tetap bersama kita dan semakin banyak membeli produk kita (customer retention dan customer wallet-share). • Era Ketiga, Customer Migration: mempertahankan pelanggan yang telah ada jauh lebih menguntungkan daripada membiarkannya hilang kemudian mencari pelanggan baru sebagai gantinya. • Era Keempat, Customer Enthusiasm: loyalitas pelanggan dipahami sebagai bentuk koneksi emosi antara pelanggan dan produk, tidak ada hubungannya dengan tingkat pembelian. • Era Kelima, Customer Spiritualism: loyalitas pelanggan yang paling dalam terjadi jika pemasar bisa menciptakan ikatan spiritual antara produk dengan karakter pelanggan, sehingga produk menjadi bagian jati diri pelanggan (what I am), bukan sekadar simbol status sosial semata (what I feel). Dalam buku ini, Hermawan Kartajaya menjelaskan dengan sederhana esensi pemikiran loyalitas pelanggan dari konsep yang paling klasik hingga yang paling kontemporer. Alat analisis dan contoh-contoh kasus Citibank Indonesia, Garuda Indonesia, dan RBC Financial Group dari Kanada akan memperjelas bahasa taktisnya. Buku ini cocok dibaca para eksekutif di bidang customer service, customer relationship management, dan product support di segala jenis industri, serta siapa saja yang tertarik tema servis dan loyalitas pelanggan. [Mizan, Pustaka, Referensi, Bisnis]
Dalam buku ini, Hermawan Kartajaya menjelaskan dengan sederhana esensi pemikiran loyalitas pelanggan dari konsep yang paling klasik hingga yang paling kontemporer.
