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Frontiers in Brain Based Therapeutic Interventions and Biomarker Research in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Developmental neuroscience research is on the cusp of unprecedented advances in the understanding of how variations in brain structure and function within neural circuits confer risk for symptoms of childhood psychiatric disorders. Novel dimensional approaches to illness classification, the availability of non-invasive, diverse and increasingly sophisticated methods to measure brain structure and function in humans in vivo, and advances in genetics, animal model and multimodal research now place brain-based biomarkers within reach in the field of psychiatry. These advances hold great promise for moving neuroscience research into the clinical realm. One exciting new area of translational research in child and adolescent psychiatry, is in the use of a variety of neuroscience research tools to track brain response to clinical intervention. Examples of this include: using longitudinal neuroimaging techniques to track changes in white matter microstructure following a training intervention for children with poor reading skills, or using functional imaging to compare brain activity before and after children with bipolar disorder begin taking psychotropic medication treatment. Brain stimulation is another cutting-edge research area where brain response to therapeutic intervention can be closely tracked with electroencephalography or other brain imaging modalities. Research using neuroscience tools to track brain response to clinical interventions is beginning to yield novel insights into the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric illness, and is providing preliminary feedback around how therapeutic interventions work in the brain to bring about symptom improvement. Using these novel approaches, neuroscience research may soon move into the clinical realm to target early pathophysiology, and tailor treatments to both individuals and specific neurodevelopmental trajectories, in an effort to alter the course of development and mitigate risk for a lifetime of morbidity and ineffective treatments. Excitement and progress in these areas must be tempered with safety and ethical considerations for these vulnerable populations. This research topic focuses on efforts to use neuroscience research tools to identify brain-based biomarkers of therapeutic response in child and adolescent psychiatry.

BASED. THERAPEUTIC. INTERVENTIONS. AND. BIOMARKER. RESEARCH. IN.
CHILD. AND. ADOLESCENT. PSYCHIATRY. Topic Editors: Paul E. Croarkin,
Mayo Clinic, USA Stephanie H. Ameis, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health ...

Brain Stimulation

Chapter 46. Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis

Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is the most frequently studied measure derived from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in multiple sclerosis (MS); it is abnormal in 57–93% of patients. Addition of the triple stimulation technique and combining motor with other evoked potentials (EPs) increases sensitivity. Cross-sectional correlations of TMS measures with clinical assessments of motor dysfunction or global disability are high. Longitudinally, CMCT is sensitive to both worsening and improvement of motor function, showing its potential to detect therapeutic responses. Moreover, combined multimodal EPs are valid quantitative predictors of the clinical course over periods ranging from 2 to 14 years. Measures of transcallosal connectivity (ipsilateral silent period and interhemispheric inhibition) are altered even in early MS, and yield complementary information on subclinical changes. Pathological brain plasticity in MS has been demonstrated by paired associative stimulation studies revealing a compensatory role of the ipsilateral motor and premotor areas. Central motor fatigue is associated with reduced motor EP amplitudes and increased cortical silent periods in normal controls, whereas patients with MS suffering from subjective fatigue show various abnormalities in cortical modulation of the motor system.

Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis Regina Schlaeger Department
of Neurology, Hospitals of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Martin
Hardmeier Department of Neurology, Hospitals of the University of Basel, Basel,
 ...

Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond

The impressive selection of languages and linguistic topics dealt with in this book underlines the diversity of the Tibeto-Burman languages in Central and South Asia and highlights their place within present-day linguistic research. For the first time emphasis is put on the study of the many different Tibetan dialects spoken from Pakistan in the west to the Blue Lake in the east. Therefore, the results achieved by leading experts are remarkable in general and the book will be an important research tool for linguists, anthropologists and geographers.

Abstract1 Languages currently die increasingly fast; this fact prompted a strong
rise in publications discussing probable reasons for and possible counter-
measurements to language death. Despite efforts by linguists to maintain the
world's ...

A horse came running

After a devastating tornado passes, a young boy finds himself all alone with two horses, one dying and the other badly injured.

After a devastating tornado passes, a young boy finds himself all alone with two horses, one dying and the other badly injured.

Ahead of the Curve

The Power of Assessment to Transform Teaching and Learning