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Internal Research & Development Markets

Traditionally resources for R and D projects are allocated via planning and budgeting procedures, evaluation methods and hierarchical decision-committees. This book presents resource allocation via internal markets as an alternative to such hierarchical decision procedures. Internal R and D markets can help to overcome the weaknesses of traditional hierarchical structures, since they are characterised by short communication and decision procedures and thus contribute to the reduction of information asymmetries.

On the one hand there is a budget for the research and preliminary development
activities. On the other hand there is a budget for serial developments and
variants. The research and preliminary development budget is financed by the
group ...

Contract Research and Development Organizations

Their Role in Global Product Development

The last 10 years have seen a seismic shift in therapeutic product development and testing. In both the pharmaceutical (both small and large molecule) and medical device sectors, the vast majority of testing and evaluation of products is not performed within innovator companies, but rather has been outsourced to a growing universe of commercial organizations. The authors both have more than 30 years experience in this field, and both have worked within innovator companies, for CROs, and as consultants in the field. Contract Research and Development Organizations: Their Role in Global Product Development has been crafted by these authors to provide a how to guide for all aspects of working with CROs in selecting, working with and ensuring the best possible desirable outcome of having the R&D function, or substantial parts of it, outsourced. It uses as the exemplary case nonclinical safety assessment, biocompatibility and efficacy testing which are to be performed to select the best possible candidate compound, device or formulation and then moving the resulting regulated therapeutic medical product into and through the development process and to marketing approval. But also covered are the contract synthesis of drug substances and corresponding manufacture of biologics and manufacture of products, formulation development, clinical evaluation, regulatory and document preparation support, and use of consultants. Included in the volume are an exhaustive listing of those CROs in the (drug and device) safety evaluation sector and their contact information and capabilities, and extensive similar listing for the other types of contract service providers. Also included are guidances on how to monitor ongoing work at contract facilities and audit check lists for GLP, GMP and GCP facilities. These listings are international in scope, and a specific chapter addresses working with some of the newer international CROs.

Their Role in Global Product Development Shayne C. Gad, Charles B. Spainhour
. Chapter. 2. Pharmaceutical. Development. The process by which a new
therapeutic entity is discovered and developed to the point that it is available to
patients ...

Essential Topics in Applied Linguistics and Multilingualism

Studies in Honor of David Singleton

This book brings together papers dealing with essential issues in applied linguistics and multilingualism that have been contributed by leading figures in these two fields and present state-of-the-art developments in theory and research. The first part includes articles touching on various aspects of multiple-language acquisition, with a particular emphasis on the role of affordances, the interfaces between language and thought, and factors influencing the process of language learning. Part Two deals with individual variations in the acquisition of additional languages, focusing in particular on the impact of such variables as age, aptitude, motivation and learning deficits. Finally, Part Three presents contributions illuminating key issues in the acquisition of different subsystems and skills, such as grammar, phonology, lexis and writing systems. Thanks to the diversity of perspectives on applied linguistics and multilingualism, as well as the cutting-edge nature of some of the proposals, this edited collection will be an important reference work and a source of inspiration for theorists and researchers.

Teacher. Training. Context. Joanna Nijakowska Abstract Dyslexia is a specific
learning difficulty that has an effect not ... for in-service teachers which would
enable them to get qualifications (knowledge and skills) to teach foreign
languages to ...

Multiple Classifier Systems

5th International Workshop, MCS 2004, Cagliari, Italy, June 9-11, 2004, Proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, MCS 2004, held in Cagliari, Italy in June 2004. The 35 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on bagging and boosting, combination methods, design methods, performance analysis, and applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, MCS 2004, held in Cagliari, Italy in June 2004.The 35 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited papers were ...

Hybrid Metaheuristics

An Emerging Approach to Optimization

Optimization problems are of great importance across a broad range of fields. They can be tackled, for example, by approximate algorithms such as metaheuristics. This book is intended both to provide an overview of hybrid metaheuristics to novices of the field, and to provide researchers from the field with a collection of some of the most interesting recent developments. The authors involved in this book are among the top researchers in their domain.

This is because hybrid metaheuristics combine their advantages with the complementary strengths of, for example, more classical optimization techniques such as branch and bound or dynamic programming.The authors involved in this book are ...

Dynamics of Coral Communities

This book focuses on the dynamical processes influencing the structure of coral communities, some of the most biologically diverse communities on earth. A variety of biological and physical processes operating across an enormous range of spatiotemporal scales are highlighted (e.g., niche partitioning, biological interactions, disturbance phenomena, large-scale tectonic, eustatic, climatic, and oceanographic processes). The focus on the community provides a framework for presenting some of the best examples from the literature using multiple taxonomic groups (e.g., corals, fishes, encrusting invertebrates).

A B C D E F G II I Exposed reef crest (5 m2, low intertidal) A 1110 3 45 19 0 16 9
15 31 B 16 336 13 23 1 3 4 7 11 C 64 7 1873 34 4 22 22 18 67 I) 34 3 35 695 3
25 6 18 37 E 2 4 0 1 20 0 0 1 6 1 14 7 29 32 1 45 3 5 16 G 2 0 13 3 0 4 106 2 9 H
 ...

The butterflyfishes: success on the coral reef

Butterflyfishes of the family Chaetodontidae are conspicuous members of almost all tropical reefs. These colorful fishes have attracted a great deal of attention from both the scientific community and especially the aquarium fish industry. At first one is tempted to say that butterflyfishes are abundant worldwide, but the evidence does not support this statement. The biomass of chaetodontids on reefs may range from 0.02-0.80%, and in terms of numbers they comprise only 0.04-0.61 % of the individuals on the reef. Yet in spite of these relatively small numbers they have been extensively studied. A quick census shows some 170 articles on or about butterfly fishes, with 78% of them being published since the 1970's. Along with the cichlids and damselfishes they might be one of the most studied and well published family of tropical fishes. Why then have chaetodontids attracted so much attention? The butterflyfishes are mostly shallow water inhabitants that are approachable and easily recognizable, making their study very feasible. Their bright coloration has provoked many hypotheses but has posed more questions about coloration than it has provided answers. And despite their apparent overall morphological similarity, their highly structured and varied social systems have made them an ideal model for such studies. The reasons for choosing these organisms are indeed as diverse as the studies themselves.

tow, and three opening-closing bongo net tows (one each at 0–6, 6–13 and 13–
20 m). Sixteen chaetodontid larvae were captured in 10 sets (6 day and 4 night).
During the day three larvae (three occurrences) were taken in the 0–6 m stratum,
 ...

Acanthaster and the Coral Reef: A Theoretical Perspective

Proceedings of a Workshop held at the Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Aug. 6–7, 1988

In August 1988. the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium was held in Townsville resulting in an influx of most of the world's coral reef sCientists to the city. We seized this opportunity at the Australian Institute of Marine Science to run a small workshop immediately before the symposium on the outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. Aeanthaster planei. We invited that small band of mathematicians who had been modelling the phenomenon, (and who may not have normally attended an international meeting so thoroughly dedicated to natural science) to meet with those SCientists who had been been actively working on the phenomenon in the field. John Casti notes in his delightful new book Alternate Realities (Wiley, 1989): 'If the natural role of the experimenter is to generate new observables by which we know the processes of Nature, and the natural role of the mathematician is to generate new formal structures by which we can represent these processes. then the system SCientist finds his niche by serving as a broker between the two. ' I think our book shows the fruits of that brokerage through the wide range of models explored within its pages. the high level of collaboration and interaction across disciplines evident in the individual papers, and in the emerging synthesis that reflects a far deeper understanding of this complex phenomenon than was possible even a few years ago.

Examples of groups formed in the Lance-Williams classification. Numbers in
body of table are reef Codes. Reef Year of Record. 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 49 9 5 . . 3 8 7 9 55 7 4 . . 6 6 7 7 7 57 7 7 6 . .
3 6 8 ...

Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories

The tropical UK Territories have extensive coral reefs. Huge parts of these areas are exceptionally rich, productive and diverse. Their marine biodiversity exceeds that of the UK itself, and several are already, or are planned to be, strictly protected. Some of these areas serve as reference sites for many other countries with damaged reefs and they are oases of tropical marine biodiversity in a fast-degrading world. This book reviews all of the UK reefs, from those scarcely known to those where substantial research has already been performed. ​

C 2 LSU 6 Family Siderastreidae – – – – Siderastrea radians B 12 LSU 6 Family
Poritidae – – – – Porites astreoides A 11 LSU 6 Porites porites A 11 LSU 6 Family
Pocilloporidae – – – – Madracis auretenraa B6, B1, B7 1 4 LSU, ITS1-ITS2 6 ...

Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs

Structure, Form and Process

Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.

1 9 5 9 1977-2 1973-2 1966-21977-1 1966-1 1973-1 0 5 CM 10 1 9 6 0 1 9 6 1 1
9 6 2 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 5 1 9 6 6 1 9 6 7 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 1 1 9 7 2 1
9 7 3 1 9 7 4 1 9 7 6 1 9 7 7 1 9 7 5 b a 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1618 19 5 7 19 5 8 19 ...