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Statistical Analyses for Language Assessment Book

This book provides language teachers with guidelines to develop suitable listening tests.

This book enables practitioners to apply statistics effectively to the development and use of language assessments.

Fiqh Muamalah

Buku ini disusun guna membantu pembaca dalam mempelajari fiqh muamalah yang diharapkan dapat mengembangkan konsep dasar (embrio) hukum ekonomi syari'ah. Buku ini berisi dua puluh bab yang terdiri atas (1) harta; (2) milik; (3) akad; (4) hak dan kewajiban; (5) jual beli; (6) ijarah (sewa menyewa); (7) rahn (gadai); (8) qardh (utang piutang); (9) riba; (10) ariyah; (11) hiwalah; (12) kafalah; (13) syirkah; (14) mudharabah; (15) muzaro'ah; (16) musaqah; (17) wadi'ah; (18) wakalah; (19) hibah; (20) ju'alah.

... pihak masih hidup, sedang fiqh wasiat terjadi ketika salah satu pihak
meninggal dunia. Perbedaan pokok antara fiqh muamalah dengan fiqh ibadah,
fiqh ibadah adalah hukum yang mengatur hubungan manusia dengan Allah,
seperti sholat, puasa, zakat, dan haji. Sedang fiqh muamalah adalah hukum
yang mengatur hubungan manusia dengan manusia untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan hidupnya. Fiqh ibadah, terjadinya hubungan manusia dengan Allah
tidak lewatakad (transaksi).

The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern Literature and Religion

This pioneering Handbook offers a comprehensive consideration of the dynamic relationship between English literature and religion in the early modern period. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were the most turbulent times in the history of the British church - and, perhaps as a result, produced some of the greatest devotional poetry, sermons, polemics, and epics of literature in English. The early-modern interaction of rhetoric and faith is addressed in thirty-nine chapters of original research, divided into five sections. The first analyses the changes within the church from the Reformation to the establishment of the Church of England, the phenomenon of puritanism and the rise of non-conformity. The second section discusses ten genres in which faith was explored, including poetry, prophecy, drama, sermons, satire, and autobiographical writings. The middle section focuses on selected individual authors, among them Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, John Donne, Lucy Hutchinson, and John Milton. Since authors never write in isolation, the fourth section examines a range of communities in which writers interpreted their faith: lay and religious households, sectarian groups including the Quakers, clusters of religious exiles, Jewish and Islamic communities, and those who settled in the new world. Finally, the fifth section considers some key topics and debates in early modern religious literature, ranging from ideas of authority and the relationship of body and soul, to death, judgment, and eternity. The Handbook is framed by a succinct introduction, a chronology of religious and literary landmarks, a guide for new researchers in this field, and a full bibliography of primary and secondary texts relating to early modern English literature and religion.

This pioneering Handbook offers a comprehensive consideration of the dynamic relationship between English literature and religion in the early modern period.

Gurus of Modern Yoga

Within most pre-modern, Indian traditions of yoga, the role of the guru is absolutely central. Indeed, it was often understood that yoga would simply not work without the grace of the guru. The modern period saw the dawn of new, democratic, scientific modes of yoga practice and teaching. While teachings and gurus have always adapted to the times and circumstances, the sheer pace of cultural change ushered in by modernity has led to some unprecedented innovations in the way gurus present themselves and their teachings, and the way they are received by their students. Gurus of Modern Yoga explores the contributions of individual gurus to the formation of the practices and discourses of yoga today. The focus is not limited to India, but also extends to the teachings of yoga gurus in the modern, transnational world, and within the Hindu diaspora. Each section deals with a different aspect of the guru within modern yoga. Included are extensive considerations of the transnational tantric guru; the teachings of modern yoga's best-known guru, T. Krishnamacharya, and those of his principal disciples; the place of technology, business and politics in the work of global yoga gurus; and the role of science and medicine. As a whole, the book represents an extensive and diverse picture of the place of the guru, both past and present, in contemporary yoga practice.

Due to the physical distance between Iyengar and his English students, a system
of assessing standards of teaching yogāsana developed that was not personality
dependent. This development was crucial to the global popularization of yoga in
the Iyengar tradition and has ... Later the teachers would be taught “to assist so
as to get an understanding of how to teach beginners” (ibid.). This teaching
method—to observe and correct incorrect physical action in asana—quickly
became the ...

Widows and Suitors in Early Modern English Comedy

The courtship and remarriage of a rich widow was a popular motif in early modern comic theatre. Jennifer Panek brings together a wide variety of texts, from ballads and jest-books to sermons and court records, to examine the staple widow of comedy in her cultural context and to examine early modern attitudes to remarriage. She persuasively challenges the critical tendency to see the stereotype of the lusty widow as a tactic to dissuade women from second marriages, arguing instead that it was deployed to enable her suitors to regain their masculinity, under threat from the dominant, wealthier widow. The theatre, as demonstrated by Middleton, Dekker, Beaumont and Fletcher and others, was the prime purveyor of a fantasy in which a young man's sexual mastery of a widow allowed him to seize the economic opportunity she offered.

The financial difficulties of“young beginners” led the London aldermen in1556to
pass an act prohibiting apprentices from gaining the freedom of the city until the
age of twenty-four, partly in an attempt to prevent “the overhasty marriages and
oversoon setting up ofhouseholds of and by the youth and young folks of the said
city . . . [who] marry themselves as soon as ever they come out of their
apprenticehood, be they never so young and unskilful.” Such marriages led to
children on ...

Oxford Modern English Grammar

New Oxford English Grammar is Oxford's brand new and definitive guide to grammar usage. This book has been written by a leading expert in the field, covers both British and American English, and makes use of the unrivalled language monitoring of Oxford's English Dictionaries programme. Arranged in three clear parts for ease of use, its comprehensive coverage ranges from the very basic to the most complex aspects of grammar, all of which are explained clearly and engagingly. This descriptive source of reference is invaluable for those with an interest in the English language, undergraduate students of all disciplines, and for anyone who would like a clear guide to English grammar and how to use it.

For general introductions to English linguistics, see Crystal (2003), and the
chapters in Aarts and McMahon (2006). On grammar and grammar writing, see
Leitner (1986), Michael (1970), and Linn (2006). On the history of prescriptivism,
see Crystal (2006). Apart from Quirk et al. (1985) and Huddleston and Pullum et
al. (2002), some wellknown modern grammars of English are Jespersen (1909–
1949), Poutsma (1914–1929), H. E. Palmer (1924), Kruisinga (1932), Zandvoort (
1945), ...

Early Modern English Dialogues

Spoken Interaction as Writing

This book analyses speech-related genres in Early Modern English, providing ideas of what spoken interaction in earlier times might have been like.

... routines, regular adjacency pairs, the role of narrative, making requests,andso
on. This hasenabledusto highlightdiachronicshifts in detail. For example, 140
Early Modern English Dialogues LIII LIV.

An Introduction to Early Modern English

An Introduction to Early Modern English, helps students of English and linguistics to place the language of the period 1500-1700 in its historical context as a language with a common core but also one which varies across time, regionally and socially, and according to register. The volume focuses on the structure of what contemporaries called the General Dialect--its spelling, vocabulary, grammar and punctuation--and on its dialectal origins. The book also discusses the language situation and linguistic anxieties in England at a time when Latin exerted a strong influence on the rising standard language.

2.1 Range of evidence Early Modern English provides the modern student with
much ampler textual and metalinguistic materials than any earlier period. For the
first time, we have contemporary analyses of the pronunciation, grammar and
vocabulary of English, and can read descriptions of its regional and social
varieties in teaching manuals and textbooks of different kinds. All this information
is valuable in that it gives the modern reader and researcher a window on the
period and its ...

Introduction to Late Modern English

Some twenty years ago it was widely believed that nothing much happened to the English language since the beginning of the eighteenth century. Recent research has shown that this is far from true, and this book offers an introduction to a period that forms the tail end of the standardisation process (codification and prescription), during which important social changes such as the Industrial Revolution are reflected in the language. Late Modern English is currently receiving a lot of scholarly attention, mainly as a result of new developments in sociohistorical linguistics and corpus linguistics. By drawing on such research the present book offers a much fuller account of the language of the period than was previously possible. It is designed for students and beginning scholars interested in Late Modern English. The volume includes: * a basis in recent research by which sociolinguistic models are applied to earlier stages of the language (1700-1900) * a focus on people as speakers (wherever possible) and writers of English* Research questions aimed at acquiring skills at working with important electronic research tools such as Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO), the Oxford English Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* Reference to electronically available texts and databases such as Martha Ballard's Diary, the Proceedings of the Old Bailey and Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.

(1797), A Vocabulary of such Words in the English Language as are of Dubious
or Unsettled Accentuation; in which the Pronunciation of Sheridan, Walker, and
other Orthoepists is Compared, London. Anon. (1826), The Vulgarities of Speech
Corrected, London. Bailey, Nathan (1721), Universal Etymological English
Dictionary, London. Baker, Robert (1770), Reflections on the English Language,
London. Batchelor, T. (1809), An Orthoëpical Analysis of the English Language,
London.

Representing France and the French in Early Modern English Drama

Brings together previously unpublished evidence of France's role and importance in the early modern English literary and dramatic fields. The collection covers many genres and provides insights into the work of a large number of early modern dramatists, including major playwrights as well as lesser-known writers.

The first major work written on the history of Anglo- French literary relations,
Sidney Lee's The French Renaissance in England (1910), stated that France was
no less than a "civilizing missionary" for England.1 Lee's grand statement was
symptomatic of his view of the Renaissance itself. For him the Renaissance,
particularly the English Renaissance, was a massive effort to "eliminate
barbarism and rusticity from the field of man's thought, and to substitute
humanism and liberal culture ...