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Behavior of Light-frame Walls Subject to Combined In-plane and Out of Plane Loads

Load ratios at which racking, uplift, and bending loads occur in exterior building walls were calculated based on a standard building geometry. A series of light-frame wall tests under combined loads was carried out. A finite element model predicting light-frame wall behavior under combined racking and uplift loads was developed. Load ratio calculations showed that the three load types can occur in critical combinations. Test results showed that effects of uplift loads on wall racking capacity are critical, while bending loads are not. A racking load reduction factor, reflecting the effects of uplift loads on wall racking capacity, was developed for implementation in light-frame building design. The finite element model predicted wall capacity patterns under simultaneous racking and uplift loads well, however, it predicted both wall capacities and stiffness at higher levels. This was attributed to the use of the uncoupled spring model for both sheathing-framing and framing-framing nail connections.

Load ratios at which racking, uplift, and bending loads occur in exterior building walls were calculated based on a standard building geometry.