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The Khawarij in Modern Islamic Historiography

Chapter three discusses the Khawarij in modern Arab/Muslim historiography from three different perspectives: first, Arab historians told the history of the Khawarij as it was transmitted with criticism or favoritism. Second, the story was told based on Khariji poetry. Scholars who touched on the poetry exposed a positive history of the group. Last, the history of the Khawarij has been rewritten based on four different ideologies: nationalism, Marxism, Islamic fundamentalism, and Islamic feminism. Chapter four discusses the similarities between the Khawarij and al-Takfir wa'l-Hijra. Both groups believed in God's governance ( hakimiyyat Allah ) and objected to men's authority. They also shared two additional ideological concepts: takfir and hijra . Both groups denounced other Muslims as infidels and established their own societies. They performed the hijra to dissociate themselves from the infidels, with a plan to return to reclaim the society and establish an Islamic State.

Second, the story was told based on Khariji poetry. Scholars who touched on the poetry exposed a positive history of the group.