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The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition

A Critical Look at the Critical Period Hypothesis

This book takes a hard look at some of the assumptions that are customarily made concerning the role of age in second language acquisition. The evidence and arguments the contributors present run counter to the notion that an early start in second language learning is of itself either absolutely sufficient or necessary for the attainment of native-like mastery of a second language. Another theme of the book is a doubt that there is a particular stage of maturity beyond which language learning is no longer fully possible. In short, the book presents a challenge to those who take it as given that second language learning is inevitably different in its essential nature from language acquisition in the childhood years and that second language knowledge acquired beyond the critical period is in all circumstances and in all respects doomed to fossilize at a non-native-like level.

In 1991 one of the editors of the present volume, Zsolt Lengyel, offered to host an
'expert seminar' on the age factor in second language acquisition for the
European Second Language Association (EUROSLA), and the other of the
present ...

The Study of Second Language Acquisition in the Asian Context

This book will be of special interest to English teachers and those in professional development in the region and/or who have classrooms with Asian learners. Paradigms appear to be shifting in Asian L2 learning in a region providing huge growth in English education. This will have an important bearing on the profession, including researchers, worldwide

Nationality & Language Learning Strategies of ELT-Major University Mustafa
Zulkuf Altan Introduction In the last two decades, researchers and teachers have
shown a great interest in determining what differs successful from less successful
 ...

Theories in Second Language Acquisition

An Introduction

The second edition of Theories in Second Language Acquisition seeks to build on the strengths of the first edition by surveying the major theories currently used in second language acquisition research. This volume is an ideal introductory text for undergraduate and graduate students in SLA and language teaching. Each chapter focuses on a single theory, written by a leading scholar in the field in an easy-to-follow style – a basic foundational description of the theory, relevant data or research models used with this theory, common misunderstandings, and a sample study from the field to show the theory in practice. This text is designed to provide a consistent and coherent presentation for those new to the field who seek basic understanding of theories that underlie contemporary SLA research. Researchers will also find the book useful as a "quick guide" to theoretical work outside their respective domains.

As a field, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is vibrant. It began in the late
1960s, with key initial developments during the decade of the 1970s. Most
scholars agree that the coming of age as an autonomous discipline happened
some time ...

Lexical Processing and Second Language Acquisition

Lexical Processing and Second Language Acquisition provides a comprehensive overview of research on second language lexical processing, integrating converging research and perspectives from Cognitive Science and Second Language Acquisition. The book begins by introducing the dominant issues addressed by research in the field in cognitive science and discussing the relevant models in the literature. It later moves toward exploring the different factors that impact second language lexical processing as well as cognitive neuroscientific approaches to the study of the issues discussed throughout the book. A concluding chapter offers a global summary of the key issues and research strands, in addition to directions for future research, with a list of recommended readings providing students and researchers with avenues for further study.

As already alluded to in the preceding chapters, several characteristics of the
learner may have an impact on second language lexical processing. In this
chapter, we will consider three specific learner characteristics that may prove
important ...

Second Language Acquisition of Articles

Empirical Findings and Theoretical Implications

Introduction : the interest of article acquisition for theories of SLA / María del Pilar García Mayo and Roger Hawkins -- Article choice in L2 English by Spanish speakers : evidence for full transfer / María del Pilar García Mayo -- Accounting for non-target like performance in L2 English article production by native speakers of Syrian Arabic and French / Ghisseh Sarko -- Questioning the validity of the article choice parameter and the fluctuation hypothesis : evidence from L2 English article use by L1 Polish and L1 Mandarin Chinese speakers / Marta Tryzna -- The processing role of the article choice parameter : evidence from L2 learners of English / Lucy Kyoungsook Kim and Usha Lakshmanan -- Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language production / Danijela Trenkic -- Article use and generic reference : parallels between L1- and L2-acquisition / Tania Ionin and Silvina Montrul -- Variability in the L2 acquisition of Norwegian DPs : an evaluation of some current SLA models / Fufen Jin, Tor A. Åfarli, and Wim A. van Dommelen -- Articles in Turkish/English interlanguage revisited : implications of vowel harmony / Heather Goad and Lydia White -- Article choice and article omission in the L3 German of native speakers of Japanese with L2 English / Carol Jaensch

Accounting for patterns of article omissions and substitutions in second language
production Danijela Trenkic Why do some second language learners show
persistent variability in L2 article production? This article sets out to answer the ...

Second Language Acquisition Research

Theory-Construction and Testing

There is a growing interest in second language acquisition (SLA) research in interdisciplinary approaches as that are by theoretical as much as practical need of understanding language learning and performance. Intellectually, second language acquisition research is now a recognised independent field of academic inquiry concerned with cognitive, psychological, social and pragmatic aspects of the phenomenon of second language development. SLA research tends to be both highly theoretical and experimental and as such lends itself well to the rigour of scientific research. It is in this context that the use of well articulated theories and concepts is increasingly seen as an essential research and ‘thinking’ tool for understanding and conducting SLA research. Processability Theory (Pienemann 1998) is one of the more prominent theories that have been applied across a number of second languages. The logic underlying processability theory is that at any stage during the developmental process, the learner can produce and comprehend only those target language linguistic forms which the current state of the language processor (i.e. the learner lantguage) can handle. It is therefore crucial to understand the architecture of the language processor and the way in which it handles second language development. The chapters included in this book will report on the various technical and theoretical aspects of experimental SLA research across a number of typologically different languages. The book includes detailed chapters outlining the key theoretical claims and methodological requirements underpiniing this kind of SLA research. Many of the subsequent chapters report Procesability Theory-related studies to the wider field of SLA research. Though the emphasis is on cross-linguistic experimental research undertaken within the parameters of Processability Theory, the book nevertheless sheds the light on the nexus between bilingualism and theory-driven second language acquisition research.

This book1 deals with second language acquisition research as a field of inquiry
concerned with the processes underlying the development of second languages
among non-native learners. The book's main focus is on the theoretical attempts
 ...

Second Language Acquisition Abroad

The LDS Missionary Experience

This volume brings together for the first time a collection of studies devoted to missionary language learning and retention. Introductory chapters provide historical perspectives on this population and on language teaching philosophy and practice in the LDS tradition. The empirical studies which follow are divided into two sections, the first examining mission language acquisition by English-speaking missionaries abroad, the second focusing on post-mission language attrition. These chapters by internationally known scholars offer cutting-edge research using a number of different target languages in addressing various issues in second language development. Finally, a comprehensive bibliography of sources on mission languages is included. The readership of this pioneering work is expected to extend beyond specialists in study abroad and missionary language training to a broader audience of applied linguists, educators, and students interested in language acquisition and attrition. In addition, the book offers useful insights to adults who want to maintain a second language.

Lynne Hansen Brigham Young University, Hawai'i Every year, tens of thousand s
of young volunteers leave their homes to join in an endeavor which requires
them to learn a foreign language abroad. This volume reports on the second ...

The Study of Second Language Acquisition

The first section of this book outlines a general framework for the study of second language acquisition. Subsequent sections provide a description of learner language, account for the role of the linguistic environment, examine the learner's internal mechanisms, explore individual differences in language learning, and review the expanding research on classroom second language acquisition. First Prize English Speaking Union's Duke of Edinburgh Book Competition

language. acquisition. Introduction As we saw in the previous chapter,
explanations of the internal mechanisms responsible for L2 acquisition can be
divided into those that emphasize the general cognitive nature of acquisition and
those that ...

An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research

Understanding how people learn and fail to learn second and foreign languages is increasingly recognised as a critical social and psycholinguistic issue. Second languages are vitally important to diverse groups of people, ranging from refugees to college students facing foreign language requirements. This book provides a synthesis of empirical findings on second and foreign language learning by children and adults, emphasising the design and execution of appropriate research.

What comes to mind for many people when they encounter the phrase 'second
language acquisition', is the experience they had as school students when they
were engaged in the study of one or more foreign languages. Second language ...

Understanding Second Language Acquisition

Whether we grow up with one, two, or several languages during our early years of life, many of us will learn a second, foreign, or heritage language in later years. The field of Second language acquisition (SLA, for short) investigates the human capacity to learn additional languages in late childhood, adolescence, or adulthood, after the first language --in the case of monolinguals-- or languages --in the case of bilinguals-- have already been acquired. Understanding Second Language Acquisition offers a wide-encompassing survey of this burgeoning field, its accumulated findings and proposed theories, its developed research paradigms, and its pending questions for the future. The book zooms in and out of universal, individual, and social forces, in each case evaluating the research findings that have been generated across diverse naturalistic and formal contexts for second language acquisition. It assumes no background in SLA and provides helpful chapter-by-chapter summaries and suggestions for further reading. Ideal as a textbook for students of applied linguistics, foreign language education, TESOL, and education, it is also recommended for students of linguistics, developmental psycholinguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. Supporting resources for tutors are available free at www.hodderplus.co.uk/linguistics (registration required).

SLA scholars who investigate learner language seek to explain L2 competence
and L2 development.Competenceis defined as the nature of the mental
representations comprising the internal grammar of learners and development
refers to ...