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Policy Perspectives on Educational Testing

America faces a crisis in education and its accompanying effects on the nation's economic and social life. Educators and policy makers need to document the extent of this crisis, to gauge its potential impact, and to develop educational strategies that would boost achievement; this has turned the spotlight on educational assessment - the procedures, practices, and tools that educators use to measure the progress of students, both as individuals and groups. This book deals with a range of issues within the field of educational assessment, with an emphasis on those issues that have sparked the public policy debate in recent years. Much of this volume concerns itself with the impact of testing on various subgroups of the population - blacks, Hispanics, young children, and children considered to be of `below average' ability. Taken together, the contributions to this volume represent a broad range of views on differential test performance. (This book is part of the subseries of books based on the Ford Foundation's National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. Previous titles in this program include Gifford & Wing/Test in Defense, Gifford & O'Connor/Changing Assessments, Gifford/Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation, and Gifford/Test Policy and Test Performance.)

... than forHispanic students. Thismay bedue,at leastin part, toanincreasing
proportion ofrecent immigrants among the Hispanic population and an attendant
increasein theproportion of Hispanic students for whom English is a second
language ...

Online Communication in a Second Language

Social Interaction, Language Use, and Learning Japanese

Online Communication in a Second Language examines the use of social computer mediated communication with speakers of Japanese via longitudinal case studies of up to four years. Through the analysis of over 2,000 instances of online communication, in addition to extensive interviews, the book explores opportunities for language acquisition and use in authentic online interaction.

Table 4.3 Kaylene's contacts Gender Age English proficiency % Japanese
varieties to Kaylene %Japanese varieties from Kaylene Relationship type Ruriko
F 23 TOEIC 875 70 75 Language exchange partner Junko F 40 Very Good 90 70
 ...

Second Language Acquisition Abroad

The LDS Missionary Experience

This volume brings together for the first time a collection of studies devoted to missionary language learning and retention. Introductory chapters provide historical perspectives on this population and on language teaching philosophy and practice in the LDS tradition. The empirical studies which follow are divided into two sections, the first examining mission language acquisition by English-speaking missionaries abroad, the second focusing on post-mission language attrition. These chapters by internationally known scholars offer cutting-edge research using a number of different target languages in addressing various issues in second language development. Finally, a comprehensive bibliography of sources on mission languages is included. The readership of this pioneering work is expected to extend beyond specialists in study abroad and missionary language training to a broader audience of applied linguists, educators, and students interested in language acquisition and attrition. In addition, the book offers useful insights to adults who want to maintain a second language.

Lynne Hansen Brigham Young University, Hawai'i Every year, tens of thousand s
of young volunteers leave their homes to join in an endeavor which requires
them to learn a foreign language abroad. This volume reports on the second ...

Second Language Socialization and Learner Agency

This book examines how Russian-speaking adoptees in three US families actively shape opportunities for language learning and identity construction in everyday interactions. This work focuses on how learners achieve agency in second language socialization processes and informs the fields of second language acquisition and language maintenance and shift.

Building on prior language socialization research in first language and bilingual
contexts, in this book I have discussed how language socialization processes (
e.g. telling stories about the day, talking about language and code-switching)
play ...

Politeness and Culture in Second Language Acquisition

This book examines the importance of politeness in pragmatic expression and communication, making a significant contribution to the debate over whether the universal politeness theory is applicable globally regardless of cultural differences.

strategy employed by learners, and show the level of progress learners are
making in their language learning process. Based on this argument, Corder (
1967) rejected the theory that impediments in secondlanguage acquisition are
duemerely ...

The Cambridge Guide to Second Language Assessment

"The Cambridge Guide to Second Language Assessment aims to present in one volume an up-to-date guide to the central areas of assessing the second language performance of English by speakers of other languages. This volume provides snapshots of significant issues and trends that have shaped language assessment in the past and highlights the current state of our understanding of these issues"--

Language tests are used for many purposes and in many contexts and are often
the basis for high-stakes decision making. Language test scores are used to
make many types of decisions about people and programs. They are used to
screen, ...

Second Language Teaching

A View from the Right Side of the Brain

This volume offers a practical introduction to the use of neuroscience to teach second languages. It provides information on the relation between how the brain learns and how this can be used to construct classroom activities, evaluates methods, syllabi, approaches, etc. from the perspective of brain functioning. It illustrates how teaching can unfold with actual examples in several languages.

Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization: A Cognitive-Pragmatic
Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Nuyts, J. and Pederson, E. (1997) (
eds.). Language and Conceptualization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.

Introducing Second Language Acquisition

A clear and practical introduction to second language acquisition, written for students encountering the topic for the first time.

Chomsky and his followers have claimed since the 1950s that the nature of
speaker/hearers' competence in their native language can be accounted for only
by innate knowledge that the human species is genetically endowed with.

Molecular Neurobiology

De Camilli P. Harris S. M., Huttner W. B., and Greengard P. (1983b) Synapsin I (
Protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein: II. Its specific association
with synaptic vesicles demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in agarose-
embedded ...

The Mammalian Carotid Body

According to Valentin (1833) and Luschka (1862), the first description of the structure now known as the carotid body must be ascribed to a Swiss physiolo gist - Albrecht von Haller - who, in 1762, called it the ganglion exiguum. This claim, however, may be erroneous, for Tauber (1743) described a struc ture at the bifurcation on the common carotid artery and called it the ganglion minutum. Andersch (1797) reprinted the text of a study made by his father between 1751 and 1755. The original printing of this work had apparently been sold as waste paper! Andersch called the organ the ganglion intercaroticum on account of its location. He also specifically stated that the sympathetic chain, the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves sent branches into the organ. For a while the carotid body remained forgotten, to be rediscovered in 1833 by Mayer of Bonn who again remarked upon the branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as sources of a nerve plexus which innervated the ganglion intercaroticurtl. . Valentin (1833) clearly regarded the structure as part of the sympathetic nervous system, although he too recognised that the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves contributed conspicuously to its innervation. Thus it is evident that the anatomists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries regarded the structure in the carotid bifurcation as one of the many ganglia which are interspersed in the course of the sympathetic nervous system.

Croom Helm, London, pp 277282 Heath D, Smith P, Harris P, WinsonM (1973)
The atherosclerotic human carotid sinus.J Path 110:4958 Hellstrom S (1975a)
Morphometric studies of densecored vesicles in type I cells of rat carotid body.