Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Univ. of Mannheim, 2009.
fields: accounting, banking, economics, finance, computing, human resources,
insurance, law, manufacturing, marketing, property, tax, and statistics. The
bilingual English-German business dictionary by Schafer (2004) lists 30 source
fields, ...
From Testing to Assessment: English as an International Language provides a critical review of conventional and alternative approaches to the assessment of English literacy skills in various parts of the world. It presents empirical studies conducted in three major settings: in countries such as Japan and Brazil where English functions as the language of international commernce; in multilingual countries such as Nigeria and Zimbabwe where English is the national language of education and government; and in such countries as Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States where English is the dominant language. The book opens with a discussion of language assessment in relation to debates about the nature of literacy; it concludes with a discussion of policy implications, which is grounded in literacy theory as well as in practical constraints such as available human and material resources.
In Chapter 6, 'English education in Zimbabwe: testing communicative
competence', Kate Allen addresses a practical problem: the need to evaluate the
competence of junior secondary school students in Zimbabwe so as, on the one
hand, ...
Demand is steadily growing for language tests with a specialized focus which will suit the needs of key professional domains as diverse as business, law, the airline industry, and teacher education. This book explores the testing of language for sepcific purposes (LSP) from a theoretical and a practical perspective, with a particular focus on the testing of English for business purposes. A range of tests - both past and present - is reviewed, and the development of business English testing at Cambridge ESOL is discussed. The description of the revision of the Business English Certificates (BEC) forms a major part of the book and offers a unique insight into an approach to large-scale ESP test development and revision.
This book explores the testing of language for sepcific purposes (LSP) from a theoretical and a practical perspective, with a particular focus on the testing of English for business purposes.
Documents the development of the Cambridge ESOL Certificates in English Language Skills (CELS), a suite of modular examinations first offered in 2002. As a context for how CELS was conceived, developed, constructed, validated and managed, the book traces the history of exams which have influenced CELS. The Royal Society of Arts (RSA), later UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate) Communicative Use of English as a Foreign Language examinations (CUEFL) was one such influence, as were the Certificates in Communication Skills in English (CCSE), these exams being a development of the CUEFL. The University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) examinations, taken over by UCLES in 1995, were a further influence on CELS. UODLE itself had worked in partnership with the Association of Recognised Language Schools (ARELS) Examinations Trust, the Oxford EFL reading and writing exams for many years offered in tandem with the ARELS Oral English exams.
much so, in fact, that it is quite normal (e.g. Wilga Rivers 1968) to refer to “the
eclectic method” of language teaching, meaning a selection of approaches from
different “movements”. Howatt (1984: 192) reminds us that language teaching “
movements” that we may consider as “discrete” are often actually variations of
what he calls the same “underlying philosophy”. Howatt would thus see as
related some of the language teaching approaches treated in this volume as
more independent ...
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Formative and Summative Approaches to English Assessment Bethan Marshall
... considering first how they meandered through the strictures of exam board
control after the Second World War and then were frogmarched through reforms,
...
In this era of globalization and the world-wide web, the ability to communicate accurately and effectively using English idioms is more important than ever. This week-by-week calendar for systematically studying these idiomatic expressions is designed with the above goal in mind. Some unique features of this book are as follows: over 3,200 idiomatic expressions in American English; easy to understand, week-by-week methodology in which to learn idioms; unique classification system of 32 functional categories to help in understanding idioms; concise and simple definitions and explanations in plain, everyday English; lively and authentic illustrations of the language; and a thorough index for easy reference.
This competence in oral communication means that the English language learner
has the ability to use English in a variety of ... The use of idioms is a challenge for
English language learners because, compared to standard vocabulary ...
