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Current approaches to the teaching of grammar in ESL

CURRENT APPROACHES TO THE TEACHING OF GRAMMAR IN ESL The
teaching of English as a second language has been in a state of flux for several
years, primarily because the audiolingual method of language teaching has
undergone a critical reevaluation fostered by the advocates of a more "cognitive"
approach. In many educational centers there has been a clear and conscious
movement away from the traditional techniques of mimicry and choral response
toward an ...

An Investigation Into the Comparability of Two Tests of English as a Foreign Language

This book documents a major study comparing the Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) with the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) to investigate similarities in test content, candidature and use. While both tests were designed to measure many of the same abilities, they represent radically different approaches to language test development, reflecting deeper differences between educational measurement traditions in the US and UK. The thorough investigation of the fundamental characteristics and operational utility of two of the most widely used English tests for foreign students makes this study a valuable contribution to language testing research. As such, it will be of considerable interest to language testing specialists and examination boards, as well as to academic researchers and graduate students in the field of language assessment more generally.

Lyle F. Bachman, Fred Davidson, Katherine Ryan. Angoff, W. H. and A. T. Sharon
. 1972. Patterns of test and item difficulty for foreign language groups on the Test
of English as a Foreign Language. Research Bulletin RB-72-2. Princeton:
Educational Testing Service. Ashton-Tate, Inc. 1985. Learning and Using dBase
111 Plus. Los Angeles: Ashton-Tate, Inc. Associated Examining Board. 1987.
Test in English for Educational Purposes (TEEP). Aldershot, Hampshire:
Associated ...

Writers on Organizations

Long a best-seller, this eagerly awaited Sixth Edition offers an illuminating overview of the field of organization studies through the views of leading writers whose ideas are presently the subject of much interest and debate. Authors Derek S. Pugh and David J. Hickson do a masterful job of capturing the essence of each writer's contribution to the field-providing coverage of all the classic and cutting edge theories in management today.

Trist, E. L. (1981). The socio-technical perspective. In A. van de Ven & W. F.
Joyce (Eds.),Perspectives on organization design and behaviour (pp. 19–75).
London: Wiley-Interscience. Trist, E. L., et al. (1987). Organizational choice. New
York: Garland. Rosabeth Moss Kanter Rosabeth Moss Kanter is a professor of
business administration at the Harvard Business School and a consultant to
many organizations. A sociologist working in the tradition of Max Weber (see
Chapter 1), she has ...

UFO Down?

The Berwyn Mountain UFO Crash

In 1958 Gavin Gibbons wrote a children's science-fiction novel By Space Ship to the Moon, which featured a UFO landing on Moel Sych in the Berwyn Mountains of North Wales. Sixteen years later, in a surreal case of life imitating art, those very same mountains would again be the focus for a story involving a downed UFO. But this time, some said, the story was for real

Sixteen years later, in a surreal case of life imitating art, those very same mountains would again be the focus for a story involving a downed UFO. But this time, some said, the story was for real

Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language

Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Greek. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and supported by examples throughout. The Grammar is ideal for learners of all levels and is suitable for those involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include: * lots of clear and up-to-date examples * clear explanations of grammatical terms * discussion of points which often cause problems * Greek/English comparisons and contrasts highlighted. Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language will help you read, speak and write with greater confidence.

The book is intended to serve the needs of adult learners, both those attending
classes and those studying alone, of school students up to A level, and of first-
year university students, particularly beginners or near-beginners. The
terminology used is to a great extent traditional, although ... terms are fully
explained in the text, as well as in the glossary. We frequently contrast Greek with
English, in order to aid the learner in understanding the linguistic concepts and
categories involved.

Semantic Change in the Early Modern English Period: Latin Influences on the English Language

Throughout the history, English was changing steadily. Not only was the English grammar, pronunciation or vocabulary being altered over the centuries but also the semantics of lexemes. A major factor that has a considerable impact on the semantics of words is the influence of foreign languages. This study deals with semantic changes due to the Latin influence on the English language in the Early Modern English period. The aim of the analysis is – with the help of the Oxford English Dictionary Online – to determine potential patterns of meaning alterations of English lexemes that were caused by the influx of Latin-derived equivalents, especially on the field of human anatomy, and between the 15th and the 18th century. Moreover, the Early Modern English period is portrayed as well as the roles of Latin and English during that time, also considering the integration of Latin loanwords into English. In order to discuss meaning changes due to Latin influences, a closer look will be taken at language modifications in general, at lexical change and at the various types of semantic change by which English words might have been affected.

The Early Modern English Period In many respects, the step from Middle English
to Modern English is by far too great to take it without identifying a transitional
period. This period is usually referred to as the “Early Modern English period”,
which is frequently dated from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. On the one
hand, Early Modern English is somewhat different from Middle English. As an
example, the pronunciation changed to a great extent due to the Great Vowel
Shift.4 On the ...

Improving Learning in College

Rethinking Literacies Across the Curriculum

What's the problem with literacy at college? How might everyday literacy be harnessed for educational ends? Based on the first major study of literacy practices in colleges in the UK, this book explores the reading and writing associated with learning subjects across the college curriculum. It investigates literacy practices in which students engage outside of college, and teaching and learning strategies through which these can help support the curriculum. With insightful analyses of innovative practices, it considers ways of changing teaching practices to enable students to draw upon their full potential. Recent research work has challenged the myth of individual student deficit, arguing cogently that people have ‘funds of knowledge’ from diverse and vibrant cultural roots, and that these have been misguidedly disqualified by the education system. It has claimed that different ‘ways with words’ can provide valuable resources for learning. However, the empirical exploration of this claim has lagged far behind the theoretical debate. Improving Learning in College resolves this by showing the integrity and richness of the literacy practices of a significant population, not previously the focus of such research: those who take vocational and academic college courses in colleges. It addresses an issue which has not until now been developed within this research tradition: that of how these practices can not only be valued and validated, but mobilised and harnessed to enhance learning in educational settings. This book will interest all teachers, teacher-educators and researchers concerned with post-compulsory education and vocational education in compulsory schooling.

Barton, D. (2000) 'Researching literacy practices:learningfrom activities with
teachersand students',in D. Barton, M. Hamilton and R. Ivanič (eds) Situated
Literacies: Reading and Writing in Context, London: Routledge. Barton, D. (2001)
'Directions forliteracy research: analysing languageand social practices in a
textuallymediated world', Language and Education, 15 (2):92–104. Barton,D.(
2007) Literacy:an Introduction to theEcologyof Written Language, 2nd edn,
Oxford: Blackwell.

Theories of Vision from Al-kindi to Kepler

Kepler's successful solution to the problem of vision early in the seventeenth century was a theoretical triumph as significant as many of the more celebrated developments of the scientific revolution. Yet the full import of Kepler's arguments can be grasped only when they are viewed against the background of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance visual theory. David C. Lindberg provides this background, and in doing so he fills the gap in historical scholarship and constructs a model for tracing the development of scientific ideas. David C. Lindberg is professor and chairman of the department of the history of science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

David C. Lindberg is professor and chairman of the department of the history of science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.