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Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

KEY ISSUES Context. Over the past decade, Afghanistan has made enormous progress in reconstruction, development and lifting per capita income. Security and political uncertainties, and weak institutions have constrained growth and weighed on social outcomes. With significant reform efforts and donor support, Afghanistan has maintained macroeconomic stability, implemented important structural reforms, and built policy buffers, but significant vulnerabilities remain. The IMF has been supporting Afghanistan through technical assistance and a three-year Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement. Reviews under the ECF arrangement have been delayed. Outlook and risks. 2014 is a crucial year in the political and security transitions and the run-up to the “transformation decade” (2015–24). Assuming smooth political and security transitions, continued reform and donor financing, the outlook should be positive. Large security and development expenditure needs and a limited domestic revenue capacity mean that Afghanistan will remain dependent on donor financing for an extended period. Macroeconomic stability, structural reforms, and political and security stability are needed to ensure inclusive growth. Risks, mostly on the downside, are related to adverse domestic or regional security developments, political instability, inadequate implementation of economic policies, and donor fatigue. Policy recommendations. The authorities’ economic strategy (maintaining macroeconomic stability, strengthening the financial sector, improving economic governance, and moving toward fiscal sustainability) remains appropriate and needs strengthened implementation. Sustained implementation of this strategy will safeguard growth and build buffers to help manage shocks. Policies should continue to aim at strengthening revenue collection, managing money growth to control inflation while preserving exchange rate flexibility, strengthening bank supervision, and quickly enacting anti-money laundering (AML), countering financing of terrorism (CFT), banking, central bank, and value-added tax legislation.

Detailed information on opium cultivation and prices is available but information
on other economic linkages of the drug industry (e.g., trade and financial flows)
remains scarce, in light of the post-conflict and development status of Afghanistan
.

Islamic Republic of Mauritania: 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Press Release and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania

KEY ISSUES Context. Mauritania’s economy has benefited from macroeconomic stability and high growth in the context of contained inflation, responsible macro-policies, high iron ore prices and scaled-up public investment. However, economic growth has not translated into broadly improved living standards and is being hit by a sharp decline in iron ore prices. Outlook and Risks. Although the outlook remains favorable, it hinges heavily on stabilizing iron ore prices and expanding mining capacity. Downside risks to the outlook dominate because iron ore prices may decline further in response to excess supply in the global market. Key Policy Recommendations. With high risk of debt distress and deteriorating terms of trade, Mauritania’s fiscal policy needs to remain focused on consolidation to support fiscal sustainability. Over the medium term, a fiscal framework with a full-fledged fiscal rule will help prevent the boom–bust cycles that ensue from volatility in natural resource revenue, and with strengthened governance in managing mining wealth. The central bank should take advantage of the low-inflation environment to strengthen monetary policy formulation, gradually liberalize the foreign exchange market, and introduce liquidity support and banking resolution frameworks. The implementation of the recent FSAP recommendations should be pursued to enhance the stability of the financial sector stability. Economic diversification and inclusive growth are the foremost medium-term challenges. The authorities should accelerate structural reforms needed to raise Mauritania’s potential growth, create jobs, and improve living standards for all Mauritanians. Article VIII. A comprehensive analysis of the foreign exchange market identified exchange restrictions and multiple currency practices (MCPs) subject to Fund approval under Article VIII. Effective November 20, 2013, the exchange rate regime is classified as “stabilized” arrangement.

7. Millennium. Development. Goals,. 1990–2015. PRSP MDGs 1990 1996 2000
2002 2004 2008 2011 2015 2015 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Overall poverty incidence 56.6 50.0 46.3 ... 46.7 42.0 ... 25.0 28.3 Incidence of
poverty ...

Muʼtamar al-marʼah wa-al-tanmiyah alladhī tunaẓẓimuhā Jāmiʻat al-Azhar bi-al-ishtirāk maʻa al-Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah bi-Wizārat al-Awqāf

Jasa konsultan manajemen teknik di daerah untuk pembangunan prasarana pendukung desa tertinggal, OECF pola kombinasi phase III TA. 2000, Propinsi Sumatera Barat

laporan akhir

Second national survey of teacher education at elementary level

Haji, sebuah perjalanan air mata

pengalaman beribadah haji 30 tokoh

Experiences of Indonesians during their pilgrimage to Mecca.

Experiences of Indonesians during their pilgrimage to Mecca.

Belajar pengetahuan sosial, dengan kompetensi dasar keterampilan sosial untuk SD kelas 5

Determination of the offset distance between driveway exits and downstream U-turn locations for vehicles making right turns followed by U-turns

Florida increasingly uses restrictive medians and directional median openings on multi-lane highways to manage left turn egress maneuvers from driveways and side streets. By installing non-traversable medians and replacing full median openings with directional median openings at various locations, Florida prohibits direct left-turn exits onto some major arterials. The purpose of this research was to evaluate how the offset distance between driveway exits and downstream median openings or signalized intersections impacts traffic operational and safety performance. The primary objective is to determine optimum offset distances to facilitate driver use of Right Turn Followed by a U-Turn (RTUT) maneuvers, specifically investigating (1) traffic operational performance, based on the evaluation of vehicle travel time at various offset distances, and (2) safety performance, based on the evaluation of traffic conflicts and crash data. The focus of this research was on urban or suburban multi-lane divided arterials. Researchers studied the impacts of offset distance under four different scenarios: 4-lane divided roadways accommodating U-turns at median openings, 4-lane divided roadways accommodating U-turns at signalized intersections, 6 or more-lane divided roadways accommodating U-turns at median openings, and 6 or more-lane divided roadways accommodating U-turns at signalized intersections.

Florida increasingly uses restrictive medians and directional median openings on multi-lane highways to manage left turn egress maneuvers from driveways and side streets.

Safety evaluation of right turns followed by U-turns (4 lanes arterials) as an alternative to direct left turns

conflict analysis