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Beef Production and Management Decisions

This text is designed for agriculture department courses in beef production and management, cow-calf management, seedstock management, and stocker cattle and feedyard management.

Thomas Gordon Field, Robert E. Taylor. among them. The padres retaliated by
slaughtering cattle, ... 1840 Corn shellers and hammer mills were utilized in cattle
feeding operations. 1842 Cattle from Texas moved northward into Missouri.

Policy Perspectives on Educational Testing

America faces a crisis in education and its accompanying effects on the nation's economic and social life. Educators and policy makers need to document the extent of this crisis, to gauge its potential impact, and to develop educational strategies that would boost achievement; this has turned the spotlight on educational assessment - the procedures, practices, and tools that educators use to measure the progress of students, both as individuals and groups. This book deals with a range of issues within the field of educational assessment, with an emphasis on those issues that have sparked the public policy debate in recent years. Much of this volume concerns itself with the impact of testing on various subgroups of the population - blacks, Hispanics, young children, and children considered to be of `below average' ability. Taken together, the contributions to this volume represent a broad range of views on differential test performance. (This book is part of the subseries of books based on the Ford Foundation's National Commission on Testing and Public Policy. Previous titles in this program include Gifford & Wing/Test in Defense, Gifford & O'Connor/Changing Assessments, Gifford/Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation, and Gifford/Test Policy and Test Performance.)

... than forHispanic students. Thismay bedue,at leastin part, toanincreasing
proportion ofrecent immigrants among the Hispanic population and an attendant
increasein theproportion of Hispanic students for whom English is a second
language ...

Academic Writing in a Second Language

Essays on Research and Pedagogy

Exploring research and pedagogy on second language writing, this volume focuses on issues concerning policy decisions affecting foreign students.

The boundaries of the field of contrastive rhetoric have been gradually increasing
to include, among others, cross-language studies of word recognition, text
structure, oral/aural differences, testing, instruction, and a myriad of other factors
in ...

Gesture as a communication strategy in second language discourse

a study of learners of French and Swedish

Second Language Learning Theories - The Behaviouristic Approach as the Initial Theory Towards Modern Researches

Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English - Pedagogy, Didactics, Literature Studies, grade: 2-3, University of Kassel, 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The way of teaching a Second Language is still subject of research and discussion today. Current studies on L2 teaching methodologies show the necessity of investigation. Long time, L2 teaching methodolgies were closely related to theories on L2 learning or Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Those theories became the most popular in World War II and the behaviouristic approach of the 1950's and 60's was influential and leading during a long period following. That is why this paper concentrates on the behaviouristic approach, considering B.F. Skinner especially. As other researchers found this approach insufficient, various studies have been initiated. They tried to find evidence for opposite theories or they enlarged and/or changed behaviourists views. The behaviourist approach still has some influence on L2 teaching today. However, modern investigations made clear that there is a need for distinction between L2 learning theories and teaching methodologies.

They found that the American entry into World War II was an initial starting point
for L2 learning in America because of the language learning programmes, which
were established in 1942. These programmes were designed to enable the
military personnel to speak languages like German, French, Italian, etc. fluently.
As the background of teaching a second language was a military one, there is no
need to figure out reasons for drill methods. Language learning was
characterized by ...

The Grammar Dimension in Instructed Second Language Learning

One of the key issues in second language learning and teaching concerns the role and practice of grammar instruction. Does it make a difference? How do we teach grammar in the language classroom? Is there an effective technique to teach grammar that is better than others? While some linguists address these questions to develop a better understanding of how people acquire a grammar, language acquisition scholars are in search of the most effective way to approach the teaching of grammar in the language classroom. The individual chapters in this volume will explore a variety of approaches to grammar teaching and offer a list of principles and guidelines that those involved in language acquisition should consider to design and implement effective grammar tasks during their teaching. It proposes that the key issue is not whether or not we should teach grammar but how we incorporate a teaching grammar component in our communicative language teaching practices.

As the consciousness about certain grammar forms and rules often relies on
learners' prior language knowledge, among many other factors, there is a need
for exploring the roles of language awareness in the process of L3 grammar
learning.

Issues in Second Language Proficiency

Benati provides clarity about the characteristics and notion of language proficiency in the field of second language acquisition. He looks at four areas of research paradigmatically related to the role of proficiency: theorizing and measuring second language proficiency; the dimensions of L2 proficiency; factors contributing to the attainment of L2 proficiency and attaining L2 proficiency in the classroom. It also contains a variety of research accounts about the specific factors which have an effect on proficiency together with a theorised measurement of proficiency in second language research. It will be required reading for researchers in applied linguistics and second language acquisition.

It is a truism of testing that one-item tests are nonfunctional, and so if we apply
this to the assessment of spoken language performance, this means that a series
of tasks will be necessary for any effective assessment to be made. The matrix in
 ...

Achieving Success in Second Language Acquisition

Aimed at beginning to intermediate undergraduates and above, this textbook is designed to help the student achieve optimal success as a language learner and user. It teaches students to understand their own preferences in learning, develop individual learning plans and approaches, and select appropriate learning strategies. Each chapter contains an overview and review section, with learning activities that students can carry out either individually or in classrooms.

She has directed language programs at the Foreign Service Institute, the
Defense Language Institute, the American Global Studies Institute, and NASA,
and has provided consultation on language learning to ministries of education in
nearly ...

Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition

VanPatten and Benati give linguistics and language students a comprehensive overview of key issues and key terms in second language acquisition.

What is second language acquisition? Second language acquisition (SLA) is a
research field that focuses on learners and learning rather than teachers and
teaching. In their best-selling text, Gass and Selinker (2008, p. 1) define SLA as “
the ...

The Handbook of Spanish Second Language Acquisition

Bringing together a comprehensive collection of newly-commissioned articles, this Handbook covers the most recent developments across a range of sub-fields relevant to the study of second language Spanish. Provides a unique and much-needed collection of new research in this subject, compiled and written by experts in the field Offers a critical account of the most current, ground-breaking developments across key fields, each of which has seen innovative empirical research in the past decade Covers a broad range of issues including current theoretical approaches, alongside a variety of entries within such areas as the sound system, morphosyntax, individual and social factors, and instructed language learning Presents a variety of methodological approaches spanning the active areas of research in language acquisition

One might argue that the field of second language acquisition is so new that it is
only in the past fifty years that there has been sufficient empirical research to
warrant a volume on the topic. Within the field of Spanish as a second language
in ...