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The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15

The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35

Before the caliphate of the 'Uthman b. 'Affan, the Muslim community had grown from strength to strength in spite of a series of major crises--the Hirah, the death of the Prophet, the Riddah wars, the assassination of 'Umar by a Persian slave. But 'Uthman's reign ended in catastrophe. His inability to manage the social and political conflicts that were now emerging among various factions within the community led to his death at the hands of Muslim rebels. The consequences of this tragic event were bitter: not only a century of civil war, but also political and religious schisms of such depth that they have not been entirely healed even now. Most medieval Muslim historians told this story in an overtly partisan manner, but al-Tabari demands more of his readers. First of all, they must decide for themselves, on the basis of highly ambigous evidence, whether 'Uthman's death was tyrannicide or murder. But, more than that, they must ask how such a thing could have happened at all; what had the Muslims done to bring about the near-destruction of their community? Al-Tabari presents this challenge within a broad framework. For, even while the internal crisis that issued in 'Uthman's death was coming to a head, the wars against Byzantium and Persia continued. The first expeditions into North Africa, the conquest of Cyprus, the momentary destruction of the Byzantine fleet at the Battle of the Masts, the bloody campaigns in Armenia, the Caucasus, and Khurasan are all here, in narratives that shift constantly between hard reporting and pious legend. Muslim forces retain the offensive, but there are no more easy victories; henceforth, suffering and endurance will be the hallmarks of the hero. Most evocative in the light of 'Uthman's fate is the moving account of the murder of the last Sasanian king, Yazdagird III--a man betrayed by his nobles and subjects, but most of all by his own character.

'Affan 254 Umm 'Abdallah bt. Yazid al-Kal- biyyah n Umm 'Amr bt. Jundub al-Azdi
254 Umm 'Amr bt. 'Uthman b. 'Affan 254 * Umm Bakr bt. al-Miswar b. al-
Makhramah 181 Umm al-Banin bt. 'Uthman b. 'Affan Umm Haram 25 Umm
Kulthum bt.

History of al-Tabari Vol. 15, The

The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24-35

Before the caliphate of the 'Uthman b. 'Affan, the Muslim community had grown from strength to strength in spite of a series of major crises--the Hirah, the death of the Prophet, the Riddah wars, the assassination of 'Umar by a Persian slave. But 'Uthman's reign ended in catastrophe. His inability to manage the social and political conflicts that were now emerging among various factions within the community led to his death at the hands of Muslim rebels. The consequences of this tragic event were bitter: not only a century of civil war, but also political and religious schisms of such depth that they have not been entirely healed even now. Most medieval Muslim historians told this story in an overtly partisan manner, but al-Tabari demands more of his readers. First of all, they must decide for themselves, on the basis of highly ambigous evidence, whether 'Uthman's death was tyrannicide or murder. But, more than that, they must ask how such a thing could have happened at all; what had the Muslims done to bring about the near-destruction of their community? Al-Tabari presents this challenge within a broad framework. For, even while the internal crisis that issued in 'Uthman's death was coming to a head, the wars against Byzantium and Persia continued. The first expeditions into North Africa, the conquest of Cyprus, the momentary destruction of the Byzantine fleet at the Battle of the Masts, the bloody campaigns in Armenia, the Caucasus, and Khurasan are all here, in narratives that shift constantly between hard reporting and pious legend. Muslim forces retain the offensive, but there are no more easy victories; henceforth, suffering and endurance will be the hallmarks of the hero. Most evocative in the light of 'Uthman's fate is the moving account of the murder of the last Sasanian king, Yazdagird III--a man betrayed by his nobles and subjects, but most of all by his own character.

Abi Tilib (wife of 'Umar) 28 Umm Kulthurn bt. Muhammad 2 54 Umm Kulthum bt. '
Uqbah b. Abi Mu'ayt 172 Umm Sa'id bt. 'Uthman b. 'Affan 254 ummah 3o, 31, 96,
117, 129, 143, 148, 214, 221, 242, 244 'umrah 68, 108 'Uqbah b. 'Amr al-Ansari ...

The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30

The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193

This volume of al-Tabari's History covers nearly a quarter of a century, and after covering the very brief caliphate of al-Hadi, concentrates on that of Harun al-Rashid. During these years, the caliphate was in a state of balance with its external foes; the great enemy, Christian Byzantium, was regarded with respect by the Muslims, and the two great powers of the Near East treated each other essentially as equals, while the Caucasian and Central Asian frontiers were held against pressure from the Turkish peoples of Inner Eurasia. The main stresses were internal, including Shi'ite risings on behalf of the excluded house of 'Ali, and revolts by the radical equalitarian Kharijites; but none of these was serious enough to affect the basic stability of the caliphate. Harun al-Rashid's caliphate has acquired in the West, under the influence of a misleading picture from the Arabian Nights, a glowing image as a golden age of Islamic culture and letters stemming from the Caliph's patronage of the exponents of these arts and sciences. In light of the picture of the Caliph which emerges from al-Tabari's pages, however, this image seems to be distinctly exaggerated. Al-Rashid himself does not exhibit any notable signs of administrative competence, military leadership or intellectual interests beyond those which convention demanded of a ruler. For much of his reign, he left the business of government to the capable viziers of the Barmakid family--the account of whose spectacular fall from power forms one of the most dramatic features of al-Tabari's narratives here--and his decision to divide the Islamic empire after his death between his sons was to lead subsequently to a disastrous civil war. Nevertheless, al-Tabari's story is full of interesting sidelights on the lives of those involved in the court circle of the time and on the motivations which impelled medieval Muslims to seek precarious careers there. A discounted price is available when purchasing the entire 39-volume History of al-Tabari set. Contact SUNY Press for more information.

'Uthman al-Qadi, 40 Umm al-'Abbas Nunah bt. Musa al- Hadi, 59 Umm 'Abdallah
bt. 'Isa b. 'Ali, 'Abbasid, 326 Umm Abiha bt. Harun al-Rashid, 328 Umm 'Ali bt.
Harun al-Rashid, 328 Umm al-Ghaliyah bt. Harun al- Rashid, 328 Umm Habib bt.

The History of al-Tabari Vol. 21

The Victory of the Marwanids A.D. 685-693/A.H. 66-73

Volume XXI of the History of al-Tabari (from the second part of 66/685 to 73/693) covers the resolution of "the Second Civil War." This conflict, which has broken out in 64/683 after the death of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I, involved the rival claims of the Umayyads (centered in Syria) and the Zubayrids (centered in the Hijaz), each of whom claimed the caliphal title, Commander of the Faithful. Both parties contented for control of Iraq, which was also the setting for al-Mukhtar's Schi'ite uprising in al-Kufah during 66/685 and 67/686. Kharijite groups were active in south-western Iran and central Arabia, even threatening the heavily settled lands of Iraq. By the end of 73/692, the Umayyad regime in Damascus, led by Abd-al-Malik, had extinguished the rival caliphate of Ibn al-Zubayr and had reestablished a single, more or less universally acknowledged political authority for the Islamic community. Al-Tabari's account of these years is drawn from such earlier historians as Abu Mikhnaf, al-Mada'ini, and al-Waqidi and includes eyewitness accounts, quotations from poems, and texts of sermons. Notable episodes include al-Mukhtar's slaying of those who had been involved in the death of al-Husayn at Karbala, the death of al-Mukhtar at the hands of Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr, the revolt of Amr b. Sa'id in Damascus, the death of Mus'ab at the Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq, and al-Hajjaj's siege and conquest of Mecca on behalf of Abd-al-Malik. There are excursuses on the chair that al-Mukhtar venerated as a relic of Ali, the biography of the colorful brigand Ubaydallah b. al-Hurr, and the development of the secretarial office in Islam. The translation has been fully annotated. Parallels in the works of Ibn Sa'd, al-Baladhuri, and the Kitabal-Aghani have been indicated in the notes where these accounts supplement or diverge from that of al-Tabari.

Asid 206; slave girl of 233 Umayyah b. 'Amr b. Sa'id b. al-'As 166 Umm al-Banin
bt. al-Hakam b. Abi al- As 164-65 Umm al-Hakam bt. Abi Sufyan 216 Umm Hani'
bt. Abi Talib (sister of Ali and mother of Judah b. Hubayrah) 72. Umm Khalid bt.

History of al-Tabari Vol. 21, The

The Victory of the Marwanids A.D. 685-693/A.H. 66-73

Volume XXI of the History of al-Tabari (from the second part of 66/685 to 73/693) covers the resolution of "the Second Civil War." This conflict, which has broken out in 64/683 after the death of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I, involved the rival claims of the Umayyads (centered in Syria) and the Zubayrids (centered in the Hijaz), each of whom claimed the caliphal title, Commander of the Faithful. Both parties contented for control of Iraq, which was also the setting for al-Mukhtar's Schi'ite uprising in al-Kufah during 66/685 and 67/686. Kharijite groups were active in south-western Iran and central Arabia, even threatening the heavily settled lands of Iraq. By the end of 73/692, the Umayyad regime in Damascus, led by Abd-al-Malik, had extinguished the rival caliphate of Ibn al-Zubayr and had reestablished a single, more or less universally acknowledged political authority for the Islamic community. Al-Tabari's account of these years is drawn from such earlier historians as Abu Mikhnaf, al-Mada'ini, and al-Waqidi and includes eyewitness accounts, quotations from poems, and texts of sermons. Notable episodes include al-Mukhtar's slaying of those who had been involved in the death of al-Husayn at Karbala, the death of al-Mukhtar at the hands of Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr, the revolt of Amr b. Sa'id in Damascus, the death of Mus'ab at the Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq, and al-Hajjaj's siege and conquest of Mecca on behalf of Abd-al-Malik. There are excursuses on the chair that al-Mukhtar venerated as a relic of Ali, the biography of the colorful brigand Ubaydallah b. al-Hurr, and the development of the secretarial office in Islam. The translation has been fully annotated. Parallels in the works of Ibn Sa'd, al-Baladhuri, and the Kitabal-Aghani have been indicated in the notes where these accounts supplement or diverge from that of al-Tabari.

Sa'id b. al-“As 166 Umm al-Banin bt. al-Hakam b. Abi al“As 1 64 — 65 Umm al-
Hakam bt. Abi Sufyan 216 Umm Hani' bt. Abi Talib (sister of “Ali and mother of Ja“
dah b. Hubayrah] 72 Umm Khalid bt. Yazid (wife of Khalid b. Barmak) 218 Umm ...

History of al-Tabari Vol. 9, The

The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630-632/A.H. 8-11

This volume deals with the last two and a half years of the Prophet's life. In addition to the three major expeditions to Hunanyn, Ta'if, and Tabuk, it describes in detail the circumstances surrounding the illness from which he died and the subsequent crisis of leadership faced by the nascent Muslim community. The author depicts with admirable fairness all the various opinions and divisions that existed within the community. He also presents a vivid picture of the Prophet's physical appearance, his personal life, and his marriages. Among other topics discussed in this volume are all the deputations that came to Medina; a summary of all the expeditions and raiding parties; and his scribes, freedmen, horses, camels, goats, swords, coats of mail, and so on. It also covers the apostasy of Musaylimah, Aswad, and Tulhahah and the Prophet's attempts to deal with them. The translation not only preserves the original lively flavor of al-Tabari but also, in its annotations, draws extensively on both parallel Arabic sources and the intensive research of recent years. Readers who seek a deeper understanding of the Prophet's personality and of the reasons for antagonisms engendered among various factions will find this volume most informative.

Zayd (Banfi) [T] 61 Umm 'Atiyyah 79 Umm Ayman 9 Umm Burdah bt. al-Mundhir
39 Umm al-Fadl 13 5 Umm al-Fazr 102 Umm Habib (or Umm Habibah] bt. al-'
Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib 14o Umm Habibah, see Umm Habib Umm Habibah ...

History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, The

Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors: al-Tabari's Supplement to His History

This is biographical material that al-T'abari appended to his History, bringing together biographies of Companions and successors of the Prophet. Many chapters are devoted to women who played a role in the transmission of knowledge.

Umm Hani' bt. Abi Talib 196—97, 286—87, 304, 306 n. 1400 Umm al-Hasan bt.
al-Zubayr 19 3 Umm Hawshab 87 Umm Humayd bt. 'Abd al-Rahman 279—80
Umm Ibrahim. See Mariyah Umm Ishaq bt. Talhan 49 Umm Kharijah bt. Sa'd b.

The History of al-Tabari Volume XL

Index

The index to the 39-volume History of al-Tabari.

Shibl XXX1X1218 Abu Umayyah al-Taghlibi XXV112171, 186, 187 Umayyah b.
Ubayy XXX1X1105 Banu Umayyah b. Zayd V11130; V11197; XX1111208
umbrella. SEE parasol Umm Abiha bt. 'Abdallah b.]a'far XX1112118 Umm Abiha
bt.

Sejarah dan Teori Sosial

Teori sosial telah mengalami banyak perkembangan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini. Beberapa sosiolog dan antropolog, seperti para sejarawan, telah membuat “cultural turn”. Dengan demikian, kebudayaan menjadi lebih difokuskan. Bakhtin dan Gombrich, misalnya, mendiskusikannya secara lebih panjang, demikian pula Thomas Kuhn. Di sisi lain, berkembangnya “teori pilihan rasional” (rational choice theory) membawa kami untuk menambahkan seksi baru, yaitu tentang “problem” pada pembahasan konflik di antara sejarawan yang menekankan rasionalitas dengan pihak yang lebih mengutamakan relativisme kultural. Kepustakaan buku edisi baru ini juga telah diperbarui dengan menambahkan sejumlah artikel dan buku yang lebih mutakhir. Seksi baru pun ditambahkan, tentang modal sosial dan pascakolonialisme, yang sangat ramai dibahas dalam buku dan artikel era sekarang. Juga contoh-contoh baru kami tambahkan. Bahkan, untuk menampung banyaknya penambahan itu, kami sengaja membuat halaman baru. Sementara itu, bagian-bagian yang sudah tidak relevan, ketinggalan zaman, kami hilangkan, sebagaimana nyata dalam bibliografi dan teks-teks contoh yang dihilangkan.

Strategi alternatifnya adalah dengan melandaskan analisis sosial pada jawaban
kuesioner, dan memadukan kuesioner dengan mewawancarai responden-
responden terpilih. Ketika itu, penelitian survei menjadi tulang punggung
sosiologi Amerika. Sosiolog mengumpulkan data sendiri dan menganggap masa
lalu “sangat tidak relevan digunakan untuk memahami mengapa orang
melakukan halhal yang mereka kerjakan”(Hawthorn 1976:209). Beberapa
penjelasan tentang ...