Sebanyak 682 item atau buku ditemukan

A new approach to language teaching

The method which came to be known as the Army Method has been considered
as a success, and an adaptation of it is now in use in American Universities and
foreign language institutes. The development of structural linguistics in recent
years and the association of the linguistic scientist with language teaching have
given rise to the term Structural Method in the field of language teaching. In point
of fact, however, it is not so much a new method of teaching as a method of
preparing ...

A Post-Liberal Approach to Language Policy in Education

This provocative defense of language diversity works through the strengths and weaknesses of liberal political theory to inform language policy. The book presents the argument that policy must occupy the space between 'linguistics of community' and 'linguistics of contact' in a way that balances individual autonomy and group recognition while not reifying 'language'. Drawing on the importance of the language/identity link, the author distinguishes between language negative liberalism and language positive liberalism, arguing against the former. This distinction orients consideration of increasingly specific language policy issues, such as official languages, language rights, bilingual education, and uses of language varieties within classrooms.

An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method (pp. 60–76). Malden, MA
: Blackwell. Pennycook, A. (2010) Language as a Local Practice. New York:
Routledge. Petrovic, J.E. (1999) Balkanization, bilingualism, and comparisons of
language situations at home and abroad. Bilingual Research Journal 21 (2–3),
233–254. Petrovic, J.E. (2001) Educational policy and nationalism: Dewey on
balancing cultural and political communities. Insights 34 (2), 4–10. Petrovic, J.E. (
2005) ...

A Machine Translation Approach to Cross Language Text Retrieval

Cross Language Text Retrieval (CLTR) has been defined as the retrieval of documents in a language different from that of the original query. To make this possible some kind of mechanism has to be applied in order to translate the information contained in the source sentence. Many different approaches have been carried out with the purpose of transferring the information from the source language query to the target language one. Though all these methods deal with a way of translating as much information as possible from the source query, little research has been conducted in relation to the field of Machine Translation (MT). The purpose of this research work is to determine the feasibility of using MT techniques for CLTR. Specifically, I will describe how a MT system has been adapted without much effort to translate Spanish queries of a specific domain, i.e. Finance and Economics, into English in order to retrieve documents related to that field. The results of this process will then be compared with the results obtained from the retrieval of the original English queries. Thus, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using MT for CLTR.

This second part of the project proved essential for deciding the benefits that a
more complex linguistic based method can add to CLTR. For this part of the
project, I worked with TRECQ1-10. First of all, it is important to mention the fact
that the IR system was not helpful for the experimentation involved here. SIRE is
designed to deal with words individually, and thus a comparison between the
retrieval of the original TREC queries using strings of individual words as
opposed to other ...

A Qualitative Approach to the Validation of Oral Language Tests

Language testers have generally come to recognize the limitations of traditional statistical methods for validating oral language tests. They have begun to consider more innovative approaches to test validation, approaches that promise to illuminate the assessment process itself, rather than just assessment outcomes (i.e., ratings). One such approach is conversation analysis (or CA), a rigorous empirical methodology developed by sociologists, which employs inductive methods in order to discover and describe the recurrent, systematic properties of conversation, including sequential organization, turn-taking, repair, preference structure, and topic management. CA offers a systematic approach for analysing spoken interaction from a qualitative perspective, allowing one to make observations about a stretch of talk while at the same time interacting with it. This book provides language testers with a background in the conversation analytic framework and a fuller understanding of what is entailed in using conversation analysis in the context of oral language test validation.

Eighty-five Hebrew as a foreign language students in the U.S. were rated on
these 4 methods by 2 independent raters; her analyses detected the main
difference to be in the fourth test, where candidates reported information instead
of being interviewed; she concludes that 'speech style and topic are significant
factors influencing students' scores on oral proficiency' (p. 537). She suggests (
somewhat contrary to her later opinion (Shohamy 1988)) that the OPI is well
suited to testing ...

The Whole Language Approach to Teaching French

An Effective Method for Developing Communicative Competence at the Primary Level

A Think-Aloud and Talk-Aloud Approach to Building Language

Overcoming Disability, Delay, and Deficiency

While self-talk like Now we are buckling you in the car seat so we can go to the store is common parental practice, this book shows how teachers, parents, and therapists can take this to higher levels to advance language cognitive development and learning potential. Based on neuroscience and their own innovative work, the authors provide the rationale and a step-by-step process for using intentional self-talk and think-aloud methods to improve both language and cognitive development in normal and language-delayed children, as well as in older individuals with disabilities. Stories are sprinkled throughout the text to demonstrate mediated self-talk in action and the remarkable results achieved with real children. With clear guidelines for delivery, content, and timing, the crucial core of the process is to narrate thinking, action, and emotion in the presence of children without requiring their response. Book Features: Addresses the growing numbers of children entering school with language poverty, describes the concept of mediated soliloquy (MSL), or self-talk, with individuals or classroomswho should use it and when, where and how it can be applied, and expected outcome, and illustrates the use of MSL for specific language disorders and to improve both language and interpersonal function with children exhibiting delays, disabilities, spectrum behavior, and social/emotional difficulties.

This book presents the reader with a new approachto stimulating and enriching
language development in young children, and those older children and adults
who present delays or deficiency in function. It is based on the ... The theory
andresulting methodology are basedonthe theoryof structural cognitive
modifiability (SCM) and the practices of mediated learning experience (MLE),
and are applied within a variety of clinicaland educational modalities.The
approach andrelated ...

A Functional Approach to Child Language

A Study of Determiners and Reference

A critical exposition of Piaget's views on child language and thought.

18-24, for concise description of the method of critical exploration). These authors
reaffirm that 'the fundamental feature of the critical exploration method requires
that the experimenter constantly formulate hypotheses about the children's
reactions from the cognitive point of view, and then devise ways of immediately
checking these suppositions in the experimental situation'. However, the dangers
of influencing the child do not lie merely in the experimenter's approach but can
also be ...

Language Prototyping: An Algebraic Specification Approach

Language prototyping provides a means to generate language implementations automatically from high-level language definitions. This volume presents an algebraic specification approach to language prototyping, and is centered around the ASF+SDF formalism and Meta-Environment. The volume is an integrated collection of articles covering a number of case studies, and includes several chapters proposing new techniques for deriving advanced language implementations. The accompanying software is freely available. Contents: PrefaceAn Overview of ASF+SDFThe Static Semantics of PascalA Kernel Object-Oriented LanguageTypechecking with Modular Error HandlingMulti-Level SpecificationsIncremental TypecheckingOrigin Tracking and Its ApplicationsSecond-Order Term Rewriting Specification of Static Semantics: An ExerciseOrigin Tracking for Higher-Order Term Rewriting Systems Readership: Software practitioners, graduate students and researchers in computer science. keywords:

This construct aids reuse of methods defined earlier and the maintenance of such
programs, since any modification to the inherited class is effective in all classes
that inherit it. However, neither the dynamic nor static semantics of KOOL are
dependent on the structure of the hierarchy itself. Rule [FO] removes the 'TV'
subclass of TV' construct by copying all instance variables and methods from the '
super class' TV to the (sub)class TV'. Methods and instance variables could get
multiply ...

A Corpus Linguistic Approach to Literary Language and Characterization

Virginia Woolf's The Waves

This book focusses on computer methodologies as a way of investigating language and character in literary texts. Both theoretical and practical, it surveys investigations into characterization in literary linguistics and personality in social psychology, before carrying out a computational analysis of Virginia Woolf’s experimental novel The Waves. Frequencies of grammatical and semantic categories in the language of the six speaking characters are analyzed using Wmatrix software developed by UCREL at Lancaster University. The quantitative analysis is supplemented by a qualitative analysis into recurring patterns of metaphor. The author concludes that these analyses successfully differentiate all six characters, both synchronically and diachronically, and claims that this methodology is also applicable to the study of personality in non-literary language. The book, written in a clear and accessible style, will be of interest to post-graduate students and academics in linguistics, stylistics, literary studies, psychology and also computational approaches.

“Language use is one of the most mysterious products of the human mind, and
literature is probably the most enigmatic form oflanguage use” (van Peer 2011: 1)
. Before the arrival of structuralism, the study of literature tended to be based on
free, intuitive interpretation. Today, with the advent of the computer, more
systematic studies can be carried out. Will they offer possibilities for solving the
enigma of language in literature? While computer-assisted methods of enquiry
have been ...